Australian Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Australian Gas - Essay Example Dividends during that time have grown from 52 cents per share to 63 cents per share (93 cents per share in 2005 which includes a special 30 cent dividend). That is approximately 5% dividend growth per year. Earnings per share (excluding extraordinary items) during the last three years has grown from 73 cents per share in 2003 to 79 in 2004 and 84 cents per share in 2005 (the last year full figures are available), which is an average growth rate of just over 7% per year. Underlying profit (excluding significant items) grew from $351 million to $386 million just over 6% growth for the year. EBIT remained steady at approximately 13.6% of funds employed. Total liabilities dropped from $3.4 billion to $2.6 billion a 22% drop. The debt to equity ratio dropped significantly dropping from over 40% in 2004 to approximately 27% in 2005. The price to earnings ratio during the last three years has remained relatively stable as well. In February 2003 the stock was trading at about 10.00 per share and had earnings of 73 cents that gave it a P/E of approximately 14. In February 2004 the stock was trading at just over 11.00 per share and had earnings of 79 which kept the P/E very close to 14 and in February of 2005 the stock was trading at approximately 13.25 per share and had earnings of 84 cents. This caused the P/E to jump slightly to approximately 16 which was still well within the average P/E of other gas and electric companies. RISKSThere are a myriad of risk factors for this company, including (but not limited to): rates being set by the regulatory board that are not in line with company expectations, a vote by shareholders that halts the planned divestiture of AGL energy and AGL infrastructure into two separate entities, the ongoing environmental investigations and standards that need to be met and of course a more consistent weather pattern that lowers the demand for electricity or natural gas.The rates that are currently being considered are in line with industry standards and though there are a number of rate revisions being considered by the regulatory commission the company feels that the recent trend has been for the governing board to take a light approach, not a heavy handed approach to rate increases. This bodes well for the company.The divestiture of AGL energy into a separate entity is viewed by most experts to be a good decision and profitable for the shareholders. Recent surveys show that the majority of shareholders are planning to vote for the divestiture and subsequent merger at the shareholders meeting in October 2006. The company is committed to a clean environment and recently began to draw up plans for the

Mayan Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mayan Civilization - Essay Example The ancient kinship of the Mayan people can be described as comprising patrilineal, bilateral and matrilineal and as such laid the foundation for their political organization (Carter 345). In this case, the political organization was embedded in this kinship where it was characterized by segmentary or well-defined lineages. In this case, the political organization resembled the clan-like structures. The strong attachment to kinship is also evident from the extent to which the Mayan assigned the duties to the scribes in the royal houses and palaces (McAnany 21). The scribes played an important role in the documentation of arts and other materials in the society, and most came from the aristocratic families thus extending the noble doctrine. Therefore, forming and establishing the political organizations of these kinship structures meant that the Mayan rather had a centralized political system with the authority from above or the royal powerful kinships (Yaeger 922). On the other hand, the Mayan arts indicate that the most of the rulers were scribes thus the political organization or structure was built on the ability of the rulers to write. The hierarchy brought about by the kinship implied that the aristocrats were the ruling class with the King as the head (Carter 340). Each city, therefore, had a king with a ruling class. On the other hand, the kingship was based on the religious construction and belief that they represented God on earth. Nonetheless, the Mayan had an outstanding religious belief where they had a calendar set with activities for appeasing the gods. Though the traditional Mayan religion can be described as a system of belief, the society rather engaged in habitual religious practices (McAnany 15). In this case, the Mayan religion was a complex collection of ritual practices and was also based on the hierarchy that

International Transactions Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Transactions Law - Assignment Example The harmonization rationale is meant to develop a comprehensive legal basis for the easy and free movement of trade across boundaries of nations. The aim of harmonization is to make the regulations of different nations similar. Such similarity leads to the adoption of common law principles which reduce the differences among states laws. International trade may be hindered by obsolete laws which are unsuited for business practice. The international law on the transaction for the sale of goods should aid in the harmonization of international trade (Scott, 2005). International laws on the sale of goods are generally similar in character. The common laws are continually reviewed through dispute arbitration and through the establishment of policies by international associations (Martinussane, 2006). The international laws have seen the creation of conventions that govern the contracts on the sale of goods internationally. Such conventions include the Vienna Convention, which has the merit of neutrality and hence more acceptable. There has also been the development of standard contracts, which aim to achieve a fair balance in the transactions of sales. Contracts for the international sales of goods (CISG) incorporate principles of common, civil, and socialist law (Bridge, 2009). The CISG compromises the principle of international trade from different legal systems. This has led to the complexity of international trade harmonization. This is because it does not apply to consumer transactions, the sale of the auction, and sale of stocks such as s hares and investment securities (Taussig, 2007). The CISG rules relate to offering and acceptance, which is a combination of civil and common law. There are several deviations, which lead to complexity of the rules that govern international transactions (Madl, 2002).

Ethics & Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Ethics Philosophy Essay Free markets can be said to be the markets which have no government interference or regulation. The only regulations present are the ones which involve protecting property rights and maintaining the legal system. Free markets are markets in which the product prices are solely set through market forces, as opposed to interference by external forces. There is also free competition in free markets, and the law of supply and demand is used to fix prices of goods and services in such markets. There are various philosophers who support free markets while others are opposed to such markets. The paper will analyze the contributions of Adam smith, Karl Marx and Milton Friedman on the issue and will give a brief conclusion on the issues discussed. Karl Marx. Karl Marx was a German philosophers who is considered to be amongst the most controversial philosophers in history. He was against capitalism and free markets, which he viewed to be a means with which property owners or the rich use to maintain control over the peasants or poor. Karl Marx viewed the capitalist system as a system meant to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. He explained that initially, capitalism was meant to be a means with which people exchanged commodities which they did not have. However, after money was created, it evolved and became a means with which people could make profits as opposed to satisfying the demand for products. Over time, capitalism undermined the human development and well being, and products created could now dictate how interactions between human beings would be. Soon, the relations between society became material as everything was treated in terms of its monetary worth, as opposed to creative and artistic qualities possessed. Capitalism led to the alienation of workers since they were separated from owning the means which was used for production, and they became slaves to the people who owned those means. This led to the emergence of two economic groups; the property owners and the workers, and the latter were oppressed by the former. This is the reason which made him predict the collapse of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. Socialism is a system in which the government or authority controls production so that it may be mutually beneficial to all members of the society or state. Karl Marx was opposed to free markets since they tended to favor the rich and oppress the poor. Free markets are a feature of the capitalist system, which made Karl Marx oppose them. Weaknesses of this argument. Karl Marx is opposed to free markets due to the weaknesses which he views in capitalism. Karl Marx views capitalism to be a system where the rich oppress the poor. He therefore opposes all features of capitalist systems which he views to be a means which promote the exploitation of the poor . However, Karl Marx does not consider the model which combines both capitalism and socialism in order to take advantage of the positive attributes of the two models. Since socialism has its weaknesses, combining both models may be more beneficial to the economy. In this respect, moderate government interference in trade by the government is an option which Karl Marx should have pursued. Adam Smith. He is considered to be the father of the modern economics and he contributed a lot toward the modern capitalist system. Adam Smith was of the opinion that production was the key to economic growth and that this could only be achieved through economic liberalization. Adam Smith therefore supported unregulated markets since he saw them as a means of stimulating economic growth. He explained that free markets would enable individuals to develop a business without having government intervention, and that the people who consume the products developed would do so at prices which have been determined by demand and supply forces . Adam Smith added that free markets enabled the most competitive producers and consumers to survive, which was beneficial to the economy. He viewed free markets are independent problem solvers which did not require government interference, since market forces eventually address any surpluses or shortages which are inherent in the market. Adam Smith uses the invisible hand theory to explain the way in which different parts of the economy are integrated. Smith explains that each individual is guided by an invisible hand in making their decisions which benefit the economy, without their knowledge. He explains that individuals carry out actions which are meant to benefit themselves, but they end up benefiting the society at large, which is not the initial aim of the individual. Smith gives an illustration of the creation of a wool coat. He says that the coat is developed after a series of processes which are undertaken by different people. The shepherd who owns the sheep, the spinner who develops the coats, and the shipper who transports them to the market all play a role in the creation of the finished product. He explains that this subconscious process by the different parties involved achieves higher levels of efficiencies than would be achieved had the process been planned by the players involved. It means that markets which are regulated by the government have lower efficiency levels compared to markets which are not regulated . This is the major reason why Adam Smith supports the free markets as opposed to regulated markets. Weaknesses of this argument. Adam smith is of the opinion that free markets enabled the most competitive producers and consumers to survive, which is beneficial to the economy. He gives many attributes of free markets, most of which are true. However, he does not discuss the weaknesses of free markets. Free markets suffer from certain weaknesses such as inhibiting the growth of small firms. Free markets may also experience monopolistic and oligopolistic tendencies which adversely affect the economy. The economy may also suffer certain effects attributed to unfair practices in trade. Other effects like inflation, market downturns and others require regulation by a central authority. Adam Smith does not discuss these situations, which makes his argument inconclusive. Milton Friedman. Friedman made major contributions to the economic crisis during the early 20th century. He viewed the 1920s as a period of sustainable and vital growth. Friedman believed that economic growth and freedom had a direct relationship. He used several principles and arguments to further his support from free markets. The political principle was used by Friedman to define the features of free markets. He explained that in free markets, individuals cannot coerce each other and that there is voluntary cooperation between the parties involved . He further explained that parties which are involved in transactions under such circumstances benefit in one way or another, otherwise they would not participate in these transactions. In free market transactions, there are no social responsibilities and values; there are only shared responsibilities and values. However, Friedman was also of the opinion that the government should intervene in the economy if there is threat to it. One of the instances when Friedman supported government interference was during the Great depression which occurred in 1929. The Great Depression changed the view that the United States economy was robust and that it should be totally free from government control, after the US Stock Exchange collapsed due to various factors. Friedman supports the market regulation and explains that if the Federal Government had intervened and applied the right policies, this depression would have been avoided. He explains that the Federal Government should have suspended payment for the withdrawals being requested by people. The policy which was used at the time, which involved printing more money to supplement the increased demand, is blamed for the Great Depression. This reveals a more soft approach to the initial stand that government intervention should not be allowed, and that the markets should be allowed to operate as free markets. However, it does not completely change the stance which had been taken by Friedman regarding free markets. Government interference is allowed only under special circumstances where lack of intervention would lead to severe effects to the economy. This was the case during the Great depression and is also currently the case in the event of the global financial crisis being experienced. Weaknesses of this argument. Friedman is categorical that there should be free markets if economies are to grow. He argues that the absence of social values and responsibilities and the presence of shared values are factors which facilitate economic growth. However, he appears to take a soft stand when discussing the Great Depression where he advocates for government interference, but using the right policies. This is a deviation from his stand that the government should not interfere with the business environment. It also reveals that free trade has weaknesses which he does not effectively address. Personal view. In my opinion, free markets do not lead to serious political, social, or environmental problems as explained by some philosophers. This is because free markets are the most effective and natural means in which prices should be set to ensure effectiveness. On the contrary, a wrong approach of interference by the government may lead to serious political, social, or environmental problems as was seen in the Great Depression. The current financial crisis which began in the United States can also be said to have been accelerated by the government failure to limit the borrowings by investors and excess lending by financial institutions using predatory lending practices. This is a similar problem which led to the great depressions, and the government interference is seen to have led to adverse effects rather than positive effects on the economy. However, in extreme cases of economic problems, the government should intervene. This should only be done to save the economy in cases where the market forces are clearly unable to rectify the situation. For instance, the current financial crisis facing the world requires the governments intervention. This does not mean that the government supports the regulation of markets since in the absence of economic crises, the market forces would usually be used to set the product prices. My major reasons for supporting free markets is that regulated markets usually discourage investments, especially if the regulations are too strict. Investors prefer investing in countries where there is free trade since they can predict their future earnings or returns on investment, due to the absence of external factors in the business environment. Regulated markets may also adversely affect the economy especially if the policies which are applied are retrogressive. Summary and conclusion. It is evident that the three philosophers made major contributions to the modern world. Their theories are still in use several years after some of them passed away. However, it is important to note that their arguments relating to free trade are inconclusive since some of the facts which they used to support their arguments have changed. It is also important to note that none of them has a wrong view, it is only that they looked at free trade from different perspectives. The contributions which each of them has made to society should be appreciated since they all talked about various issues affecting the society, and not just free trade. It is important that other scholars improve on the theories which were advanced by Adam smith, Karl Marx and Milton Friedman. This will reflect the market environment as it is today, and the arguments developed can be used to improve the policies in the current business environment. Works cited. Amadae Samuel. Rationalizing capitalist democracy: the Cold War origins of rational choice liberalism.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003, p255-261. Gagnier Regenia. The insatiability of human wants: economics and aesthetics in market society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, p25-35. Machaj Mateusz. Friedman for government intervention: the case of the great depression. Mises Daily. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from http://74. 125. 95. 132/search? q=cache:s8QYmlyzr-4J:mises. org/story/2442+Milton+Friedman+and+support+of+free+marketscd=8hl=enct =clnkgl=ke. Sunderlin, William D. Ideology, social theory, and the environment. New York: Rowman Littlefield, 2002, p23-33.

Synthesis of Ethano Strapped TBs

Synthesis of Ethano Strapped TBs Chapter 3 Synthesis of Ethano Strapped TBs. 3.2  Experimental Section 3.2.1  General procedure for the synthesis of ethano-strapped Trà ¶gers base. The methano-strapped TrÓ §gers base (4.24 mmol) and 1,2-dibromoethane (1.60 g, 8.48 mmol, 2.0 eq.) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) and lithium carbonate (1.41 g, 19.08 mmol, 4.5 eq.) was added to the mixture which was stirred and heated at 110  °C for 3 days.   The mixture was cooled and suspended in ethyl acetate (100 mL) and then washed with water (2 25 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness.   The crude material was chromatographed (silica gel) to afford the desired ethano-strapped Trà ¶gers base products. 3.3.5  2,8-Dimethoxy-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK 02-60)ACT checked NMR Starting with 2,8-dimethoxy TrÓ §gers base X (1.20 g, 4.24 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate 4:1) to afford X (659 mg, 53%) as an off-white solid.   m.p. 185-187  °C (lit.ref 186-189  °C)1.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3), ÃŽ ´ 3.55-3.61 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 3.68 (6H, s, OCH3), 4.37 (2H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 4.55 (2H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 6.43 (2H, d, J = 2.8 Hz, ArH), 6.62 (2H, dd, J = 2.8, 8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 8.6 Hz, ArH).   The data are in agreement with those reported in the literature.1 3.3.4  2,8-Dibromo-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK 01-120)ACT checked NMR Starting with 2,8-dibromo TrÓ §gers base X (1.65 g, 4.24 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane) to afford X (750 mg, 45%) as an off-white solid.   m.p. 220  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 3.47-3.59 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.35 (2H, d, J = 17.4 Hz, CH2), 4.53 (2H, d, J = 17.4 Hz, CH2), 6.96 (2H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.04 (2H, d, J = 2.1 Hz, ArH), 7.17 (2H, dd, J = 2.1, 8.4 Hz, ArH).   The data are in agreement with those reported in the literature.2 3.3.2  6H,12H-5,11-Ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK 01-116)ACT checked NMR Starting with unsubstituted methano-strapped TrÓ §gers base X (942 mg, 4.24 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane: ethyl acetate 4:1) to afford X (505 mg, 51%) as an off-white solid.   m.p. 169-171  °C (lit.3 174  °C).   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 3.53-3.68 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.46 (2H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 4.61 (2H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 6.89-6.96 (4H, m, ArH), 7.03-7.08 (2H, m, ArH), 7.09-13 (2H, m, ArH).   The data are in agreement with those reported in the literature.3 5.3.20Di-tert-butyl-3,9-dicarbamate-2,8-dimethyl-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X (MHK-06-108)   Sample has a lot of ethyl acetate in it re-run both 1H and 13C NMR Starting with bis(3,9-tert-butyl-dicarbamate-2,8-dimethyl TrÓ §gers base X (5.00 g, 10.42 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate 1:1) to afford X (2.67 g, 52% with 7% methano strapped as a impurity) as a pale brown solid.   m.p. X-Y  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 1.49 (18H, s, Boc CH3), 2.03 (6H, s, CH3), 3.50-3.60 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.40 (2H, d, J = 17.1 Hz, CH2), 4.48 (2H, d, J = 17.1 Hz, CH2), 6.08 (2H, s, ArH), 6.67 (2H, s, ArH), 7.56 (2H, br s, NH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 17.1, 28.3, 54.9, 58.5, 80.2, 120.3, 128.4, 130.3, 132.0, 134.9, 148.8, 152.9 ppm.   FTIR 1049 (m), 1182 (s), 1230 (m), 1709 (s, C=O), 2900 (m), 2972 (m), 3295(bs), cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C28H38N4O4:   C 67.99; H 7.74; N 11.33.   Found C XX; H XX; N XX %. 3.3.38H,16H-7,15-Ethanodinaphtho[2,1-b][2,1-f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK 03-72)ACT checked NMR contains an impurity ethano strap region should be symmetric Re-run both 1H and 13C NMR grow crystals! Starting with naphthalene TrÓ §gers base X (500 mg, 1.55 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane) to afford X (113 mg, 22%) as an off-white solid.   m.p. 224-227  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 3.75-3.97 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.90 (2H, d, J = 17.5 Hz, CH2), 5.44 (2H, d, J = 17.5 Hz, CH2), 7.27-7.37 (4H, m, ArH), 7.41-7.48 (2H, m, ArH), 7.51 (2H, app. d, J = 8.6 Hz, ArH), 7.67 (2H, app. d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.82 (2H, d, J = 8.5 Hz, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 55.2, 55.7, 122.3, 124.4, 126.0, 127.3, 127.5, 128.3, 128.6, 131.5, 132.5, 148.5 ppm.   FTIR 828 (s), 927 (s), 1137 (m), 1209 (m), 1469 (m), 2360 (m), 2900 (m), 2959 (m) cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C24H20N2:   C 85.68; H 5.99; N 8.33.   Found C 85.73; H 5.68; N 8.59%. 3.3.72,8-Dimethanol-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK 04-50)The spectrum is terrible there is NO way you can claim to have made this compound see me Starting with 2,8-dimethanol TrÓ §gers base X (400 mg, 1.42 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane: ethyl acetate 1:1) to afford X (134 mg, 32%) as a colourless solid.   m.p. X-Y  °C (lit.ref A-B  °C).2   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 1.76 (2H, br s, OH), 3.46-3.64 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.43 (2H, d, J = 17.3 Hz, CH2), 4.47 (2H, s, CH2OH), 4.56 (2H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 6.89 (2H, app. s, ArH), 7.02 (2H, dd, J = 1.5, 8.1 Hz, ArH), 7.07 (2H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.26 (2H, s, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 54.6, 59.1, 64.8, 126.1, 127.5, 128.1, 136.7, 137.2, 149.6 ppm.   FTIR 750 (s), 884 (s), 1105 (m), 1195 (m), 1328 (m), 1491 (d), 1622 (s), 1701 (s, C=O), 2852 (m), 2893 (bs), 2946 (m) cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C18H20N2O2:   C 72.95; H 6.80; N 9.45.   Found C XX; H XX; N XX %.   See me is this compound in the literature(NOT charactrised in letreature)   1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚   Ishida, Y.; Ito, H.; Mori, D.; Saigo, K., Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 109-112. 3.3.82-Bromo-8-methyl-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK-05-18)ACT checked NMR Starting with 2-bromo-8-methyl TrÓ §gers base X (1.30 g, 4.12 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane) to afford X (1.00 g, 73%) as an off-white solid.   m.p. 209-212  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 2.19 (3H, s, CH3), 3.47-3.62 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.37 (2H, app. d, J = 17.1 Hz, CH2), 4.53 (1H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 4.54 (1H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 6.71 (1H, app. s, ArH), 6.86-6.91 (1H, m, ArH), 6.97 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz, ArH), 6.99 (1H, d, J = 7.9 Hz, ArH), 7.03 (1H, d, J = 2.1 Hz, ArH), 7.15 (1H, dd, J = 2.1, 8.3 Hz, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 20.7, 54.70, 54.74, 58.7, 59.0, 117.5, 127.7, 128.1, 129.1, 129.7, 130.1, 131.4, 134.4, 136.0, 139.2, 147.2, 149.5 ppm.   FTIR 863 (s), 944 (m), 1090 (m), 1219 (s), 1341 (s), 1476 (s), 1518 (s), 2901 (m), 2954 (m) cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C17H17BrN2:   C 62.02; H 5.20; N 8.51.   Found C 62.29; H 5.12; N 8.68%. 3.3.92-Bromo-8-methoxyl-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK-04-34)ACT checked NMRReplot 13C with expansions of all picked peaks and show ACTMay need to re-run 13C with more scans not sure about some peaks Starting with 2-bromo-8-methoxy TrÓ §gers base X (500 mg, 1.51 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate 2:1) to afford X (180 mg, 35%) as a pale brown solid.   m.p. 156-157  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 3.50-3.60 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 3.68 (3H, s, OCH3), 4.34 (1H, d, J = 17.3 Hz, CH2), 4.37 (1H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 4.52 (1H, d, J 17.3 Hz, CH2), 4.54 (1H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 6.42 (1H, d, J = 2.9 Hz, ArH), 6.63 (1H, dd, J = 2.9, 8.6 Hz, ArH), 6.98 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.01-7.06 (2H, m, ArH), 7.16 (1H, dd, J = 2.0, 8.4 Hz, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 54.7, 54.8, 55.2, 58.8, 59.2, 112.8, 113.3, 117.6, 128.8, 129.7, 130.2, 131.5, 137.5, 139.0, 149.4, 156.6, 165.6 ppm.   FTIR 805 (m), 846 (m), 1025 (s), 1066 (s), 1278 (s), 1469 (s), 1487 (m), 1594 (m), 2359 (m), 2900 (m) cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C17H17BrN2O:   C 59.14; H 4.96; N 8.11.   Found C 59.26; H 4.72; N 8.08%. 3.3.102-Ethoxycarbonyl-4,8-dimethyl-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK-04-30)ACT checked 1H NMR NEED 13C NMR Starting with 2-ethoxycarbonyl-4,8-dimethyl TrÓ §gers base X (500 mg, 1.55 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate 4:1) to afford X (88 mg, 17%) as a pale yellow solid.   m.p. 182-185  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 1.32 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz, CH3), 2.17 (3H, s, CH3), 2.38 (3H, s, CH3), 3.54-3.66 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.20-4.33 (3H, m, CH2), 4.49 (1H, d, J = 17.4 Hz, CH2), 4.50 (1H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 4.60 (1H, d, J = 17.2 Hz, CH2), 6.69 (1H, app. s, ArH), 6.85-6.89 (1H, m, ArH), 7.02-7.09 (1H, m, ArH), 7.46 (1H, app. s, ArH), 7.65 (1H, app. s, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 14.3, 17.8, 20.7, 54.7, 55.4, 55.4, 59.3, 60.6, 126.1, 127.8, 128.1, 129.0, 130.0, 134.3, 135.5, 136.5, 137.0, 147.2, 152.8, 166.5 ppm.   FTIR 776 (s), 833 (s), 905 (m), 1025 (s), 1215 (s), 1293 (s), 1497 (s), 1709 (s, C=O), 2900 (m) cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C21H24N2O2:   C 74.97; H 7.19; N 8.33.   Found C 74.72; H 7.25; N 8.41 %. 2.3.118-Bromo-2-ethoxycarbonyl-4-methyl-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X (MHK-05-22)ACT checked NMRNeed to re-run 13C with more scans insufficient aryl peakssections of 1H MR should go in thessi with discussion see ACT Starting with 8-bromo-2-ethoxycarbonyl-4-methyl TrÓ §gers base X (5.50 g, 14.21 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate 3:1) to afford X (1.70 mg, 30%) as pale yellow solid.   m.p. 196  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 1.33 (3H, t, J = 7.1 Hz, CH3), 2.36 (3H, s, CH3), 3.54-3.64 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.21 (1H, d, J = 17.5 Hz, CH2), 4.24-4.34 (2H, 2 x overlapping q, J = 7.1 Hz, CH2-CH3), 4.47 (1H, d, J = 17.3 Hz, CH2), 4.49 (1H, d, J = 17.4 Hz, CH2), 4.57 (1H, d, J = 17.3 Hz, CH2), 6.97 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.01 (1H, d, J = 2.2 Hz, ArH), 7.15 (1H, dd, J = 2.2, 8.4 Hz, ArH), 7.44-7.46 (1H, m, ArH), 7.65-7.67 (1H, m, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 14.3, 17.8, 54.6, 55.0, 55.2, 59.1, 60.7, 117.6, 126.3, 128.0, 129.9, 130.2, 130.3, 131.2, 135.6, 136.6, 139.1, 149.2, 152.3, 166.4 ppm.   FTIR 827 (s), 927 (s), 1023 (m), 1150 (s), 1387 (s), 1412 (m), 11470 (s), 1704 (s, C=O), 2360 (m), 2900 (m) cm -1.   Anal. Calcd for C20H21BrN2O2:   C 59.86; H 5.27; N 6.98.   Found C 59.76; H 5.19; N 7.21%. 3.3.121,4,8-Trimethyl-2-nitro-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK-02-10)Need 1H and 13C NMR where are these!!! Starting with 1,4,8-trimethyl-2-nitro- TrÓ §gers base Y (500 mg, 1.62 mmol), the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate:hexane 4:1:1) to afford X (153 mg, 29%) as a yellow solid.   m.p. 138-141  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 2.20 (6H, s, CH3), 2.36 (3H, s, CH3), 3.54-3.64 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.33 (1H, d, J = 17.5 Hz, CH2), 4.36 (1H, d, J = 17.6, CH2), 4.50 (1H, d, J = 17.5 Hz, CH2), 4.65 (1H, d, J = 17.6 Hz, CH2), 6.75 (1H, app. s, ArH), 6.89 (1H, app.d, J = 7.9 Hz, ArH), 7.01 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.40 (1H, s, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 14.7, 17.8, 20.7, 54.1, 54.9, 55.7, 57.2, 124.1, 125.0, 127.9, 128.3, 128.6, 128.8, 134.2, 134.6, 136.5, 136.8, 147.2, 152.4 ppm.   FTIR 819 (m), 1053 (s), 1185 (m), 1280 (s), 1369 (m), 1497 (m), 2359 (m), 2900 (m), 2987 (m) cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C19H21N3O2:   C 70.57; H 6.55; N 12.99.   Found C 70.52; H 6.28; N 12.69%. 3.3.142,8-Dimethyl-4-nitro-6H,12H-5,11-ethanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine X(MHK-02-10, MHK04-66 ChromA1)re-run 1H and 13 Spectra Starting with 2,8-dimethyl-4-nitro-Trà ¶gers base X (500 mg, 1.69 mmol) and 1with heating for 5 days,the crude material obtained upon work-up was chromatographed (silica gel, dichloromethane: ethyl acetate 10:1) to afford Y (120 mg, 23%) as a yellow solid.   m.p. 168-170  °C.   1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 2.20 (3H, s, CH3), 2.21 (3H, s, CH3), 3.42-3.63 (4H, m, CH2-CH2), 4.44 (1H, d, J = 17.6 Hz, CH2), 4.50 (2H, app. s, CH2), 4.62 (1H, d J = 17.6 Hz, CH2), 6.79 (1H, app. s, ArH), 6.87-6.94 (2H, m, ArH), 7.02 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, ArH), 7.11 (1H, app. s, ArH).   13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ 20.5, 20.7, 54.4, 56.0, 58.0, 59.4, 122.0, 127.5, 128.1, 129.4, 132.2, 134.6, 135.4, 136.0, 139.4, 140.8, 146.9, 150.5 ppm.   FTIR 836 (m), 884 (m), 1021 (m), 1171 (s), 1371 (m), 1521 (s), 2910 (m), cm-1.   Anal. Calcd for C18H19N3O2:   C 69.88; H 6.19; N 13.58.   Found C 69.67; H 6.24; N 13.43%. References 1.Hamada, Y.; Mukai, S., Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1996, 7, 2671-2674. 2.Ishida, Y.; Ito, H.; Mori, D.; Saigo, K., Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 109-112. 3.Faroughi, M.; Try, A. C.; Turner, P., Acta Crystallogr., Sect. E: Struct. Rep. Online 2008, 64, o458.

The Five People You Meet In Heaven :: essays research papers

Eddie is a grizzled war veteran who feels trapped in a meaningless life of fixing rides at a seaside amusement park. As the park has changed over the years -- from the Loop-the-Loop to the Pipeline Plunge -- so, too, has Eddie changed, from optimistic youth to embittered old age. His days are a dull routine of work, loneliness, and regret. Then, on his 83rd birthday, Eddie dies in a tragic accident, trying to save a little girl from a falling cart. With his final breath, he feels two small hands in his -- and then nothing. He awakens in the afterlife, where he learns that heaven is not a lush Garden of Eden, but a place where five people who were in it explain your earthly life to you. These people may have been loved ones or distant strangers. Yet each of them changed your path forever. One by one, Eddie's five people illuminate the unseen connections of his earthly life. As the story builds to its stunning conclusion, Eddie desperately seeks redemption in the still-unknown last act of his life: Was it a heroic success or a devastating failure? The answer, which comes from the most unlikely of sources, is as inspirational as a glimpse of heaven itself. These five meetings -- some of which are with people who are strangers to Eddie, others with people he knows intimately -- take this gruff but gentle man through the different stages of his life, and through each new person, some hidden truth is revealed. As Albom unfolds Eddie's story, he gradually sheds light on the web of connections between each individual and a world of strangers, so that life is revealed not as a straightforward story of what we have achieved but as a vast network, too large for us to perceive clearly from the inside.

Solomon Northups Twelve Years A Slave Essay -- Essays on Twelve Years

After reading Solomon Northup's Twelve Years A Slave, I was overwhelmed with his experience. He was born a free man in New York in 1808. In 1841 he was tricked, captured, and sold into slavery in Washington, D.C. Throughout his book, Solomon goes into details describing his life as a slave, which validates our critique of slavery. As abolitionists, it is our duty to do something about slavery. Although, as abolitionists, we have a history of disagreements among us, it time to put a stop to our arguments and start fighting for something we all believe in - to abolish slavery. While the growing cotton economy has made slavery more attractive than ever before to most southern people, slavery has to be abolished based on these reasons: first, because slaves are treated inhumanly; second, because it makes southern white society savage and cruel, and third, it turns southern whites into greedy and lazy people. One of the main reasons that slavery should be abolished is because masters treat their slaves inhumanly. Masters disregard the idea of family among slaves. Although they encourage slave marriage, they do so out of selfish reasons. Slaves who have families are likely to have kids, who will become property of the master after birth, and at the same time they are least likely to run away. In addition, the actual law does not provide any protection or recognition of slave marriage or family, which discourages the formation of family among slaves . Just like the law, masters do not take families into consideration and are reluctant to break slave families by sale. For example when Eliza was sold, she begged her new master to purchase her daughter as well. However, Freeman would not sell Emily, because "there were piles... ...e Declaration of the Independence. After reading Twelve Years A Slave, I was sad to find out about how people struggle; however, at the same time I was excited because it would open up people's eyes about the mistreatment of African-Americans. It provides examples of how slaves are treated on daily basis; it also shows how whites in the South are breaking the law, which fails to serve justice even if they are caught in the act. It also shows how people in the South are turning into a barbaric and uncivilized society. Therefore as abolitionists, we feel that unless slavery is abolished, the goal of this country to make all men free and equal has failed. So if our fight for freedom has failed, what is left of our country? Works Cited: Northup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave. 1853. Ed. Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1975.