Curley’s Wife Essay

Curley’s wife presented in a complicated way.. She is ambiguous in some sense. Dangerous: ‘both men glanced up for the rectangle of sunshine in the doorway was cut off. ’ ‘She had full rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. ’ Red, foreshadowing danger. Vulnerable: ‘heavily made up. ’ Insecure. Hiding domestic violence. Mysterious. Outlet for feelings, only thing she has control over. Wants attention because she is neglected by Curley. ‘I don’t like Curley. He ain’t a nice fella. ’ She is a possession to Curley. She puts her hands behind her back leaned against the door frame so that her body was thrown forwards. ’ She is acting provocatively towards George and Lennie because she thinks that she can het their attention that she is lacking from her marriage. She closes off after she gets some attention from people especially Lennie because this is not what she wanted. She ‘looks at her fingernails’ which shows that she is not interested. She is commented in a derogatory way by the men. Steinbeck wants to teach people that we shouldn’t judge women. They think that she is immature and irresponsible. She is presented as spiteful and ungrateful in the middle of the novella by the way she treated other minor characters such as the black guy. ‘A bunch of bindlestiffs-a nigger an’ a dum-dum and lousy ol’ sheep. She is annoyed at how she is being treated by the other minor characters which lead her to this outbreak. She is worked up because she discriminates crooks by what she immediately sees. She repeats ‘and’ and this fractures her sentences. Curley’s neglected lead to her ability to act rational being affected. Exasperated and anguished by her own self because she likes talking to people. Women were treated worse than lowly ranch workers. Desperate and lonely way. Also relies on the American dream because she goes on multiple times about her dream to be a singer. She likes to be in the spotlight. Tumbled suggests that she is overwhelmed at the attention she is receiving from Lennie. Flowing out, hurried for her story to be heard. Afraid of Lennie neglecting her like Curley did. Curley’s wife is demanding and childish. She has restrictions from her husband. Acting like a child and questioning why. Confiding in Lennie because he has a low IQ level which means that he cannot tell everyone her secrets, hopes and dreams. When she dies she is presented in an innocent way. Her hair looks like a halo around her head. And she looks like an angel. This could suggest that people were recognised as important after they have died not when they are alive. Vulnerable because she is stripped of her make up. She has finally found peace and her pain was gone from her face. Makes us feel guilty about our assumptions on her. She questions people to start off a conversation; it is also a way to show that she wants answers. She is also insecure about who she can trust so she questions them to see if they are telling the truth. However, she will get defensive in the middle of the conversation when they have lied to her. Therefore, she uses sentences that do not make sense and exclamations. Juxtapositions in a paragraph could represent Curley’s wife’s ambiguous nature and her complex characteristics. Of Mice and Men is not kind in its portrayal of women. In fact, women are treated with contempt throughout the course of the book. Steinbeck generally depicts women as troublemakers who bring ruin on men and drive them mad. Curley’s wife, who walks the ranch as a temptress, seems to be a prime example of this destructive tendency—Curley’s already bad temper has only worsened since their wedding. Aside from wearisome wives, Of Mice and Men offers limited, rather misogynistic, descriptions of women who are either dead maternal figures or prostitutes. Despite Steinbeck’s rendering, Curley’s wife emerges as a relatively complex and interesting character. Although her purpose is rather simple in the book’s opening pages—she is the â€Å"tramp,† â€Å"tart,† and â€Å"bitch† that threatens to destroy male happiness and longevity—her appearances later in the novella become more complex. When she confronts Lennie, Candy, and Crooks in the stable, she admits to feeling a kind of shameless dissatisfaction with her life. Her vulnerability at this moment and later—when she admits to Lennie her dream of becoming a movie star—makes her utterly human and much more interesting than the stereotypical vixen in fancy red shoes. However, it also reinforces the novella’s grim worldview. In her moment of greatest vulnerability, Curley’s wife seeks out even greater weaknesses in others, preying upon Lennie’s mental handicap, Candy’s debilitating age, and the color of Crooks’s skin in order to steel herself against harm. Women had a profound sense of loneliness and they desire a friend or a companion. However, women like Curley’s wife will settle for an attentive ear from a stranger. Women were often unhappily married to help escape from the great depression in the USA. They were rendered helpless by their isolation and even at their weakest will seek to destroy those who were weaker. Oppression does not come from those who are strong or powerful but those who are also suffering. Strength is born from those who are weak and at their weakest. The American dream is impossible especially at the time of when of mice and men were set because this was the time of the great depression and the dust bowl where farmers were out of work and suffering. Therefore, Curley’s wife abandons her American dream and marries Curley for financial security. Women are not referred to by their names but by a pronoun. It shows that they are seen as mere possessions and not even real human beings. They are insignificant and inferior to others therefore they have no name. Curley’s wife is not given a name to represent the status of women in the 1930s. They were ranked as low as Black people such as crooks who is also not given a name. Alternative: Portrayal of women in of mice and men is unflattering and limited from the point of view of men. Women don’t have a place in the author’s vision of the world which was surrounded by bonds of men. Women are unimportant, thus they are portrayed in a negative light. Steinbeck: He was a feminist who helped raise the profile of women and their role in the 1930s. He also disagreed with the way women were treated because in the end he reveals the true nature of her and how she was not a bad person all along. He has also made Curley’s wife a complex character to teach readers of the 1930s that women also had feelings and were also as complex as the men. It also makes her not seem like a one dimensional character. The book only assigns women with two lowly roles of housewives or prostitutes. Female sexuality is a trap to ensnare men and ruin their lives. Temptation to men that will lead them to their fall from perfection. For example, George and Lennie who had their lives ruined by Curley’s wife. All characters are nearly all disempowered by Curley’s wife who discriminates the men by their race, intelligence and age. When Curley’s wife speaks to Lennie, the reader is afraid for Lennie because they can sense something bad will happen. Curley’s wife is depicted in a different way when she is speaking to Lennie because before she was easily dismissed as a flirt with a temper and a manipulator. However, in the final moments before her death, Steinbeck presents his sole female character sympathetically. Her loneliness becomes the focus of this scene, as she admits that she too has an idea of paradise that circumstances have denied her. Curley’s wife seems to sense, like Crooks (who notes earlier that Lennie is a good man to talk to), that because Lennie doesn’t understand things, a person can say almost anything to him. She confesses her unhappiness in her marriage, her lonely life, and her broken dreams in â€Å"a passion of communication. † Unfortunately, she fails to see the danger in Lennie, and her attempt to console him for the loss of his puppy by letting him stroke her hair leads to her tragic death. One might take issue with Steinbeck’s description of her corpse, for only in her death does he grant her any semblance of virtue. Once she lies lifeless on the hay, Steinbeck writes that all the marks of an unhappy life have disappeared from her face, leaving her looking â€Å"pretty and simple . . . sweet and young. † The story has spent considerable time maligning women, and much has been made of their troublesome and seductive natures. It is disturbing, then, that Steinbeck seems to subtly imply that the only way for a woman to overcome that nature and restore her lost innocence is through death. Because Curley’s wife cannot bare her lonely soul to the men around her, the men persist in believing she is merely a â€Å"lousy tart. † This is due to misinterpretations by other characters. Her unattainable dreams make he seem human and the writer reiterates this through the innocence of her face in the time of her death. In sharing his vision of what it means to be human, Steinbeck touches on several themes: the nature of dreams, the nature of loneliness, man’s propensity for cruelty, powerlessness and economic injustices, and the uncertainty of the future.

Theater Play of the 1960 Broadway Musical Bye Bye Birdie

Who will ever forget Susan Watson? Or Dick Van Dyke? Or Chita Rivera and Dick Gautier? These very renowned Broadway actors and actresses played the key roles in the theater play Bye Bye Birdie (1960) that, for more than fifty years now, has been successfully revived and passed on from generation to generation. Would you ever forget the 1950s rock sensation of America? The vibrant era of the number one American rock star Elvis Presley? Well, of course Elvis Presley wasn’t there in the play, but Conrad Birdie—played by the gorgeous Dick Gautier—looked and sang and acted like Elvis Presley.The first time I saw a poster of the original theater play, I even thought the actor was, indeed, Elvis Presley. There are so many aspects of them that appeared the same. Well, so much for Elvis Presley†¦ As I was saying, Dick Gautier played the key role of Conrad Birdie who was supposed to be a gorgeous and dazzling rock star of the 1950s. All the teenage girls were struck b y his beauty and his sex appeal, yet when they heard that he was about to leave and join the U. S.Army, the girls of Sweet Apple, Ohio were so horrified at the news to the extent that Conrad had to give a farewell performance for his very devoted fans, the next time he guests live at the Ed Sullivan television program. One very fortunate fan of him will get a free kiss from the astounding Conrad Birdie. His manager, Albert Peterson who was played by Dick Van Dyke, decided that the lucky girl should be the sexy and luscious Kim McAfee, who is actually Susan Watson of the original Broadway version of the play.I might have to say that I preferred Ann Margaret to play the role of Kim McAfee in the movie version of the Broadway theater play. Ann Margaret was very attractive and charismatic. Do we still have to ask why she was chosen to give a solo number at the very start of Bye Bye Birdie? Well, 22-year-old Ann Margaret was in her yellow dress, and with all her charm and magnetism, flir ts her way through the camera and straight to the eye of the beholder, which is the audience. That’s how the play starts, and I think I have seen her first song for about†¦ uh†¦ twenty times?Nope, don’t think of anything else†¦ I was merely in the process of getting out the true magic of the song. Then next in line would be the songs ‘The Telephone Hour,’ ‘How Lovely To Be A Woman,’ ‘Put On A Happy Face,’ and ‘A Healthy, Normal, American Boy’ for Act I. Then for Act II would be songs like ‘What Did I Ever See In Him? ’, ‘A Lot of Livin’ To Do’, which is my favorite, also the songs ‘Baby, Talk To Me’, ‘Spanish Rose’ and, finally, Albert’s love song for Rose Grant, the song ‘Rosie’.

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Political Metaphor Essay Sample

1. IntroductionThe metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundChattanooga Ice Cream Division is one of three major incorporated industries to CFC. Chattanooga Food Corporation. The division lost third-largest client for no logical grounds. Charles Moore. the president and general director of the division conducted a direction meeting to discourse current state of affairss. look into the root causes. and happen out proper solutions. Many struggles occurred during the meeting. The actions and reactions can be projected to reflect how the division maps as one of metaphorical images. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the political system metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the division’s behaviour on the rules and attacks of the political system metaphor. 3. TheoryAn organization’s political relations is most clearly manifest in the struggles and power dramas that sometimes occupy halfway phase. and in the infinite interpersonal machinations that provide recreations in the flow of organisational activity. More basically. nevertheless. political relations occurs on an on-going footing. frequently in a manner that is unseeable to all but those straight involved ( Bacharach A ; Lawler. 2000 ) . There are three relationships to be considered when speech production of organisations the systems of political activities. which are involvements. struggle and power ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Politics accepts the world of multilateralism. Therefore. the construct of political relations is strongly connected with the diverseness of involvements. Projecting that on organisations by and large. they could be regarded as spheres for accommodating different involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . Different involvements are natural and must be handled. For that intent. the general involvements are analyzed as single involvements. There are three types of single involvements including undertaking. calling. and extramural involvements. Undertaking involvements are connected with the work one time has to execute. while calling involvements are connected to what the individual want to accomplish with the work. The extramural involvements are connected what we want to accomplish as a private self’s. There is a structural diverseness of involvements in organisations. That could be bounded by two extremes along hierarchal graduated tables. where bureaucrats’ inclination represents the upper portion. and professionals’ inclination dominates the lower broad countries ( Benson. 1973 ) . When involvements collide. struggles arise. The political position admits the presence of struggles. There are three major signifiers of struggles including. struggles between individual. groups/departments. and value systems/structures ( Brown. 1983 ) . There are five chief attacks for struggle declaration. including avoiding. viing. suiting. compromising and collaborating manners ( Burrell A ; Morgan. 1979 ) . Power is the medium through which struggles are resolved ( Bacharach A ; Lawler. 1980 ) . There are two relevant positions of power signifiers including resources and societal relation or dependence. Furthermore. there are 14 beginnings of power. That may affect formal authorization ; control of scarce resources ; usage of organisational construction. regulations. and ordinances ; control of determination procedures ; control of cognition and information ; control of boundaries ; ability to get by with uncertainness ; control of engineering ; interpersonal confederations. webs. and control of informal organisation ; control of counterorganizations ; symbolism the direction of significance ; gender and the direction gender dealingss ; structural factors that define the phases of action ; and the power one already has ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 4. Analysis4. 1. InterestsWhen looking through the instance of Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. many manifestations and contemplation could be analyzed from the political system metaphor position. One of the worlds that political relations accept is that all political systems embrace different involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . The meeting Moore conducted reflects this world every bit good. As we noticed. many frailty presidents of the division’s sections tried to depict and analyse the job the division experienced in a manner that made their sections out of lending causes. For case. Billy Fale. the frailty president of production. tried to justify his section by explicating their immense attempt to acquire stock lists manageable despite the limited efficiency the division’s information systems had. Whereas. Stephanie Krane. the division’s accountant. blamed the complexness of the information systems that required long clip to develop. trial. and put in. Furthermore. for forcing herself off of the causation factors. Krane explained her experience to retrieve old problems. The other frailty presidents manipulated the description of the state of affairs so that the possible solutions go in their departments’ favours or involvements so to talk. Barry Walkins. the frailty president of selling. attributed the job to the disregard of his recommendations. He asked sing mixed-ins in the division’s production program. establishing that on his selling research. He might be seen as a director who wanted to enter a triumph for his manner of thought. researches. or departmental sphere. Another contemplation could be built on the reaction of Les Holly. the division’s gross revenues director. He tried to drive the sentiments judgmentally. Holly started reflect the root causes of the job from the sense that the remainder of directors didn’t have the broad image he had. since he used to pass most of the clip in the shops. He focused on operational lacks. such as stockouts and back orders. to do it rational to counterbalance that with the promotional allowances. irrespective any other conducive factors. Moore has accepted the difference of involvements of the directors. This is evident from the manner he dealt with their sentiments. He considered all solutions in malice of his familiarity to the background of motivations for each director. The single involvements could be classified into undertaking involvement. calling involvements. and extramural involvements ( Culbert A ; McDonough. 1980 ) . Fale showed his involvements of maintaining everything under control by rejecting the alteration Walkins proposed. All his reactions during the meeting seemed to be operational and numerical contemplations. That sort of involvements could be seen as undertaking involvements. The same is to be said for Krane. Her remarks reflect her involvement of lodging to certainty and non doing mistakes. On the other manus. Holly’s involvements may be classified as calling involvements. as he emphasized on the promotional allowances many times. Possibly. he wanted to better his external personal relationships utilizing such allotments. In the same context. we think that Walkin’s involvements could be classified as extram ural involvements. since he wanted to turn out his endowment of marketing research practically. His proposal was rational and strongly relevant to the job. He tried to demo his trueness through his honest efforts to do the division changes positively. This manner of categorization doesn’t needfully mean that this categorization is an absolute affair. All of them may hold overlapped involvements that belong to each class. ConflictsAnother common facet of the political system is struggles. Conflict will ever be present every bit long as the involvements collide. That may include struggles between individuals. sections. and constructions ( Coser. 1956 ) . In Chattanooga. the struggle arose between Fale and Walkins were more personal. Walkins criticized Fale’s disregard to his suggestion. and Fale in bend criticized Walkins’ thoughts. Both reviews were directed to the personal behavior. Additionally. Holly criticized the policy concerned with cost decrease at the disbursal of gross revenues section. The struggle arose between him and Krane could be seen as departmental struggle. There are five common manners of struggle declaration including avoiding. via media. competition. adjustment. and coaction ( Burrell A ; Morgan. 1979 ) . For Chattanooga. and before the age of Charlie Moore. his male parent led the show wholly. He was the first responsible for about everything. while Charlie wanted to travel the division toward the collaborative manner. During the meeting. he gave manner for everybody to demo their contemplations. But they were still unfamiliar with this sort of communicating. When struggles arose. Moore played the function of moderator. which was doing certain that everybody would show about their ideas and sentiments reasonably. However. he kept the concluding determination to himself. We find the behavior Moore showed in struggle declaration is more like the adjustment manner. PowerPower is a really important histrion in the political systems. It is the medium through which struggles are resolved. There are 14 beginnings of power ( Morgan. 2006 ) . many of them could be projected on the instance. One of that is control of scarce resources including money. stuff. forces. and engineering ( Emerson. 1962 ) . Krane. as the division’s accountant. had the control to apportion resources including wages. disbursals. and information systems. She had extra beginning of power that represents a structural factor that defines the phase of histrions ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . This beginning of power came from her being monitored. non merely by Moore. but besides by Arthur Silver. the main fiscal officer. Therefore. she had more considerable power to accept or reject any thought. which interprets her confident reactions during the meeting. Fale. as the frailty president of production. had besides the power of engineering ( Child. 1985 ) . boundaries ( Millar A ; Rice. 1967 ) and resources control ( Emerson. 1962 ) . He had besides the ability to ge t by with uncertainnesss ( Hickson et al. . 1971 ) . His contemplations were cardinal and referral. since he managed the production procedures and could judge any suggestion wanted to be implemented. Fale had extra power of interpersonal confederations ( Pfeffer A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . which is represented by his friendly relationship with Frank O’Brien. the frailty president of forces. They used to hang out with each other for angling. When Frank changed his place during the meeting. Fale became more flexible to accommodate with Walkins’ proposal. That reflects a serious impact of interpersonal confederations within the organisation ( Pfeffer A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . Krane and Fale had the power of Moore’s trust in run intoing their promises ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . In the same context. Walkins had besides the power of information and cognition ( Crozier. 1964 ) . which is represented by his familiarity to the market tendencies and competitory advantages. Moore admitted his endowment and that was besides extra credits for Walkins. Bing the division’s gross revenues director. Holly had besides the power of cognition and networking ( Pfeffe r A ; Salancik. 1978 ) . He could lend in the solution by happening new clients. His direct exposure to the market added more power to him. In general and as a direction squad. all directors had the power of the usage of organisational construction. regulations. and ordinances ( Crozier. 1964 ) . But Moore might hold the biggest portion of power. non merely due to him being a general director. but besides as a descendent of the household to the full owned the division ( Kanter. 1977 ) . He controlled the determination doing procedure wholly ( Bachrach A ; Baratz. 1962. 1970 ) . He started that by analysing the job. Then. he motivated the directors to portion their ideas. Finally. he ended up with choosing the most efficient solution that might accommodate the client orientation and budget. 5. CONCLUSIONSEven though the organisational political relations may be recognizable by everybody within any organisation. it is really rare to discourse it openly ( Morgan. 2006 ) . The instance of Chattanooga shows clear illustrations of subjects discussed in private. as we found when the caputs of sections questioned the competency and trustiness of each other. As discussed before. we can acknowledge that it is necessarily that political relations is indispensable characteristic of organisational life. The political metaphor emphasizes that the usage of power is cardinal of organisational analysis. The metaphor helps to better understand organizations’ reason. as it enforces the thought that actions within organisations are more political than rational ( Morgan. 2006 ) . In Chattanooga. each director suggested solutions so that to increase the benefits for his/her section instead than the benefit for the division as a whole. Furthermore. the political metaphor helps to happ en solutions to the thought that organisations are incorporate constructions. which is non ever the instance ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Moore failed to merely use the collaborative values of squad work in Chattanooga. while that worked successfully when he worked at National Geographic. The political metaphor focuses on involvements. struggles and beginnings of power in order to understand and pull off them ( Morgan. 2006 ) . That besides helped Moore to understand the force drivers within the division. Finally. the metaphor has great influence to actuate persons to move politically. The chief drawback of utilizing the political metaphor is frights of change overing every activity within organisations into political Acts of the Apostless. This may sometimes make ambiance of uncertainness and misgiving ( Morgan. 2006 ) . That appears in the Chattanooga instance when most of troughs reflected negative feelings about each other. Another restriction is that the coevals of penetrations through different involvements possibly misused to accomplish personal ends. Last. but non least. it is complex to cover with pluralism’s inquiry. As a consequence. the political metaphor must be used carefully ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 6. Reference Bachrach. P. and Baratz. M. S. ( 1962 ) . †Two Faces of Power. † American Political Science Review. Bachrach. P. and Baratz. M. S. ( 1970 ) . Power and Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. Bacharach. S. B. and Lawler. E. I. ( 1980 ) . Power and Politics in Organizations. San Francisco: Iossey-Bass. Bacharach. S. B. and Lawler. E. I. ( 2000 ) . Organizational Politics. Stamford. Connecticut: IAI Press. Benson. I. K. ( 1973 ) . â€Å"The Analysis of Bureaucratic-Professional Con?ict. † Sociological Quarterly. Brown. L. D. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Managing Con?ict Among Groups. † pp. 225-237 in D. A. Kolb. I. M. Rubin. and Mclntyre. I. Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs. Nickel: Prentice Hall. Buroway. M. ( 1979 ) . Manufacturing Consent. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Burrell. G. and Morgan. G. ( 1979 ) . Sociological Paradigms and Organizational Analysis. London: Heinernann Educational Books. Child. I. ( 1935 ) . â€Å"Management Strategies. N ew Technology and the Labour Process. † in D. Knights. H. Willmott. and Collinson. D. Job Redesign. Aldershot. United kingdom: Cnnlpr. Coser. L. A. ( 1956 ) . The Functions of Social Con?ict. New York: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. Crozier. M. ( 1964 ) . The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. London: Tavistock. Culbert. S. and McDonough. I. ( 1980 ) . The Invisible War: Prosecuting Self-Interest at Work. Toronto: Iohn Wiley. Emerson.

We See and Understand Things Not as They are But as We are Essay

We See and Understand Things Not as They are But as We are - Essay Example But they often arrive at different conclusions because of different abilities of perceptions by different people. For example consider the consumer habits. Same product might be perceived differently by even siblings or twins. It is not necessary that two people making a purchase of mobile phone from a supermarket may opt for same brand or model even if their financial abilities are the same. Both of them may purchase different cell phones because of their difference in perceptions. In this paper I will investigate why we see and understand things not as they are but as we are. Furthermore, I will investigate whether the sight is the only way of perception that relates to how we understand things; and whether â€Å"things† is an indication of physical or abstract objects, theories and ideas. The perception of an object is actually the interpretation and sensation of the object’s reality that may be affected by our beliefs and expectations. It is therefore, important to analyze human behavior in terms of actions that are based on rational or irrational decisions. Various philosophers and social scientists have propounded theories that try to explain human behavior under normal and extreme circumstances. But they agree that the rational or irrational behavior is subjective to one’s approach and understanding of the issue that broadly confines to individual’s choice and thereby his or her actions. Hence, whatever we do, it is based on reasoning or motivating forces that influence the way we think. For example, a lady perceived as a beautiful angel by a male might be a devil for another male because of their changes in the way of thinking. Here same object, the lady, perceived differently by two persons even though the lady did not undergo any changes. Although, we react according to our individual perception of the event, it is equally true that our reactions are also influenced by the manipulations of the information that are retained in the

The World Oil Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The World Oil Market - Assignment Example A tight balance between supply and demand can lead to high prices that cause both higher expenditures for consumers and higher incomes for producers. In economics, exhaustible resources generally follow the rule that the rate of growth must equal the rate of interest in order to reach industry equilibrium. However, due to the unpredictable character of future oil supply and demand conditions, oil prices do not generally follow this rule. Most of the time, it exhibits backwardation wherein future prices are lower than current ones. Future demand is hard to predict because it is difficult to foresee changes in energy technologies and it takes years for consumers to switch to other resources should prices go off the roof. On the other hand, investment is expensive and risky and it takes a while before production supply turns to high capacity. Oil prices also behave unexpectedly since the market is responsive to speculative pressures, operational constraints, and political conditions. Hu rricane Katrina, by reducing gasoline supplies (which is chiefly derived from crude oil), became one dramatic factor that caused oil prices to skyrocket in 2005. The storm reduced oil production, transportation, and refining capacity--it paralyzed major oil and gasoline pipelines that carried supplies down from the Gulf Mexico and took down offshore oil platforms. Power outages also caused problems in oil and natural gas distribution in many areas. The large drop in supplies caused oil prices to rise. Additionally, consumer expectation contributed to the demand component. With the hurricane retarding oil production and restricting supplies, they expected prices to rise. They immediately increased the demand by buying gasoline, hoping to fill up their tanks before prices start to rise. Reduced supply and increased demand caused oil prices to increase dramatically, as shown in the graph below: 3. Analyze the structure of the world oil market & identify what kind of market structure it has.   The world oil market structure is oligopolistic since the market is dominated by a limited number of suppliers. An industry is said to be oligopolistic if few supply the majority of the output and if those suppliers are interdependent. In oil production, about 50 percent of the output and 70 percent of the reserves are controlled by a cartel. Production is handled by both the public and private sectors. However, oil production is just one aspect of the market-converting and refining it to other consumer products is another facet of the total world oil industry, one which has its own dynamics and regulations. Worldwide supply and demand determine oil prices, with great influence from OPEC. On the supply side, OPEC provides most of the world's supply and normally acts as a semi-cartel, influencing oil prices by maintaining excess capacity. It also tries to maintain oil prices at its target level by setting quotas or production limits for its members. On the other hand, non-O PEC suppliers have generally limited reserves and typically behave as price takers. OPEC's policy in recent times is to control crude oil inventories and reserves in consuming nations in order to balance the market.

FINAL PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FINAL PAPER - Essay Example The wings of the eagle are spread; as if the eagle is in flight or about to take flight. A pillow attached to a wooden stick juts out at the bottom of the painting. It seems that the eagle is carrying the pillow as it is about to fly. The pillow is divided into two halves because of the way it is hung on a piece of thread (Kleiner, 2014). The different elements of the painting do not form a whole but rather seem like disjointed elements in the entire painting. Rauschenberg has mainly used earthy tones in this painting. The use of bright colors in the painting is limited to just the upper central part and even those colors are not very bright. The predominant colors in the artwork are brown and black. The entire combine has a very rough feel to it. It reminds viewers of Dadaism where the objective was not to please the viewer but rather to bring attention to the art piece. Even in this case, the artwork does not appear aesthetically pleasing to the eye. It consists of different elements that do not make sense to the ordinary viewer. Only people with an art background would be likely to understand the significance of the artwork. This artwork tries to capture the essence of Rembrandts painting, The Rape of Ganymede. The dangling pillow is meant to be the buttocks of the child who was being carried out by the eagle. In terms of texture, Rauschenberg has introduced many different textures in the painting. These include the blobs of paint, the eagle and the dangling pillow. Each has a different texture to it and combined, they create a rough texture. It is the use of the different textures that makes the artwork so appealing. The textures tempt the viewers to consider the artwork closely and even touch it to understand the feel of it. In terms of color, the artwork gives off a very gloomy effect. The predominant colors used in the combine are brown and black. The rest of the colors are earthy colors. The

The History of Sugar and Its Influence Assignment - 1

The History of Sugar and Its Influence - Assignment Example In seeking to integrate with such an understanding and leverage a further realization for how current society ingests larger and larger amounts of sugar, as well as the ways in which societal stakeholders can seek to lessen the impacts of sugar consumption, the August 2013 issue of National Geographic features a cover story that is entitled â€Å"Sugar (A Not so Sweet Love Story)†. The following analysis will seek to derail the discussion and summary of the analysis which the author performs. It is the hope of this student that such a summary will be useful in helping not only to understand the key points of the authors argument but also with regards to utilizing these understandings and prescriptions for a better life and an overall decrease in the level of obesity and health impacts that the consumption of too much sugar has been tied to. Firstly, the author traces the history of how sugar came to be introduced to the West and subsequently the remainder of the world. As with so many inventions and development in human history, the spread of Empire was ultimately the vehicles through which most of the world came to integrate with the consumption of sugar. The author indicates that era conquerors were the first to spread an awareness and appreciation for sugar and the lands that they conquered. In comparing to the spread of sugar throwing paint at a fan, the author discusses the way through which an appreciation of refined sugar and the means through which it can be added to see dishes and ingredients as a means of making things tastier, the author points to how the spread of sugar into the West was first evidenced around 500 B.C.E. him from this point, sugar production spread into much of the Western world and was incorporated into the diet of individuals; albeit to a much lesser degree that it is within the current ti me.

A Victim's Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Victim's Perspective - Essay Example Despite of this reduction, violent crimes in the country are known to be around 1.2 million (Frieden 2012). These statistics indicate the fact that more than millions of lives and more than millions of families are subjected to violent crimes annually. Despite of the reduction, it needs to be understood that the lives of the victims of the crimes become scarred every year. I have been through one such experience of a violent crime when I recently witnessed the murder of my aunt who stays in my neighbourhood. This event has left a great impact on me and has hampered my day to day activities. It has crippled me physically, emotionally as well as financially. I had read about the fact that crime victims suffer from many after effects following the violent crimes. These include post traumatic stress disorder, delusions and constant fear. Furthermore, the victims are repeatedly reminded of the crime by the interrogators who question with regard to the crime very often. Anxiety and stress are also known to affect these victims (Cox 2006). I have been suffering from all of these problems ever since the crime. I cannot sleep well and there is always a constant fear of being interrogated and reminded of the happenings on that day. I was very unlucky to have witnessed the murder of my aunt by the man who loved her and had promised that he would marry her. He is still on the run and I feel helpless. There are many challenges that I have to overcome before I can return my life back to normal. But the biggest challenge that needs to be tackled is to overcome the fear that I face when I want to go outside. It has been very difficult for me to step out of the house as there is a constant fear that I might be attacked by the murderer or that I might come across a similar incident again. I would have to gather my strength again and be ready to take all the support that my family and friends are offering me. To overcome this difficulty, I would also need to cooperate in a better way with the interrogators so that they can find the criminal and out him behind the bars. This will not be easy as it will require great willpower from my side. Difficulties have been my way following this incident. I have to answer the queries and questions not only of the investigators but also of the people living around me. This serves to remind me of the incident again and again. I am emotionally unstable as I cannot interact with anyone and my social life has totally ended. Furthermore, I have started visiting a psychiatrist as I am unable to sleep at night. I have not been going to my college as I do not think I will be able to face all the people and talk to anyone. My part time job has also been affected. Thus I have been drained financially as well. The stress and anxiety does not let me concentrate. I have assessed the fact that I need to come to terms with the event that has happened and face it rather than hide from it. I have tried searching and I have seen man y vic tims who have been suffering since years. I also watched the documentary â€Å"Beyond Conviction† by Rachel Libert (2006) to understand the feelings and emotions of other people suffering like me. The stories of Angela whose father was murdered and of Lyndy who was raped seem very similar to the situation that I

Use of Supply Chain Management as a Method of Inventory Control Research Paper

Use of Supply Chain Management as a Method of Inventory Control - Research Paper Example Use of Supply Chain Management as a Method of Inventory Control The emerging role of supply chain as integral part of inventory control has become hugely relevant issue for businesses. Indeed, successful SCM not only improves productivity but also provides the business with long term sustainability in the highly competitive business environment. The fast transforming business dynamics, including rapid globalization, technology and diversity in product variety and short life span have all contributed towards tough market conditions (Lee, 2002). Thus, challenges of effective SCM, especially as a key method of inventory control, have become major issues to improve and improvise inventory management in order to optimize performance outcome and maintain competitive edge. Supply chain and its impact on inventory control Supply chain and inventory management are intrinsically linked to the wider goals and objectives of the business. Supply chain or the logistics can broadly be defined as ‘set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate supplie rs, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations, and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs while satisfying service level requirements’ (Simchi-Levi, Kaminsky, & Simchi-Levi, 2003, p. 1). The various imperatives of SCM are mainly designed to meet the changing needs and requirements of the customers. The SCM therefore is network of activities that encompasses supply and delivery of raw materials for manufacturing goods and delivery of the finished product to the end customers. Inventory, on the other hand is collection of raw materials and finished goods which need to be used in future. The inventory control system helps to streamline the supply and demand of the products by making available the raw material and finished good at any set time for the manufacturers and the retailers. The inventory or stock maintained at different stages of production and distribution is important element of inventory control system that helps to assess the quantity and time when products need to be replenished with fresh stock or new stock as per the demand. The cost effective analysis of stock helps to anticipate demand and supply of products, both of raw material and final products. For example, fast moving products and products with short life are stored in forward warehouse and slow moving products, risky or costly products are placed at central warehousing as shipped or moved to the destination when required. Thus, delivery of product is fast through the warehouses where the inventory is strategically placed or stored. Inventory is used as key constituent in SCM to coordinate various processes in order to meet the challenges of time with high efficiency and timeliness. Consequently, various factors like time, availability of raw material, coordination with various linkages like suppliers, distributors, warehouse, retail outlets etc. become hugely critical iss ues that need to be incorporated for higher performance. Porter (1985) strongly asserts that efficient SCM is vital ingredient of value chain that facilitates business activities to gain competitive edge. In the current dynamics of contemporary global business, goods are highly sensitive to pricing and changes. Effective SCM enhances operational efficiency within and outside the firm to meet the challenges of the fast changing requirements of the customers. Moreover, increasing efficiency and cost

Assessment of the factors influencing profitability within refractive Dissertation

Assessment of the factors influencing profitability within refractive clinics and recommendations for best practice management - Dissertation Example The purpose of this study is to describe the factors that affect profitability within refractive clinics and to examine the relationship between these factors and best practice in refractive care. The study is done in two settings the first being an online platform with 40 participants (n=40) and the second being closed door, eight interview sessions involving 28 participants (n=28) at two private clinics in north one in Turin and the other in Milan. The study was qualitative in nature, and it utilized a survey method to collect the necessary data. The survey involved the use of instruments such as online questionnaires and semistructured interview questions. Online questionnaires were prepared with the help of SurveyMonkey, and sent to the 40 participants who were refractive care patients identified from clinical databases. The questionnaires were designed in line with the research objectives. Overall, questionnaires were chosen as they heightened the validity and reliability of the research through the collection of quantitative, objective data. Semi structured interviews were chosen in order to gain context and detail. They were conducted under 8 sessions at the two private clinics that were used for the study. The results for both surveys were centrally analyzed in regards to the findings in the literature review. The findings for the online survey revealed that the participants strongly consider two key factors when making their choice attend refractive clinics. These factors include management, where they showed strong consideration for private clinics. The other factor was technology superiority whereby they would first assess the clinics and later consider the one with better technology. For the interview sessions, the results indicated that the top five factors of importance were as following. Technological Superiority, friendly and professional staff, trust in the service, organisational culture, and personal and individual service in the order of sup eriority starting with most important. To conclude the research reflects upon the importance of a consideration of organisational factors in order to enhance profitability. Moving away from a sole financial perspective, this research has promoted the importance of a patient centric approach and the use of relationships to build perceptions and expectations of quality of care. Table of Contents Table of Contents 4 Chapter One: Introduction 6 Chapter Two: Background and Literature Review 10 2.1.2 Refractive Surgery 12 2.1.3 Alternative technologies 12 2.2 Background on Profitability in Refractive Care 14 2.2.2 Patient Economics 16 2.2.3 Prospective Patient Demographics 17 2.2.4 The Refractive Surgery Patient Pool 21 2.2.5 Procedure Pricing 24 2.2.6 Relationships between Demand and Economic Conditions 25 2.2.7 Penetration Rates and Available Market 25 2.2.8 Refractive Surgery Centers Concentrated in Metro Areas 26 2.2.9 Competition 27 2.2.10 Michael Porter 5 forces analysis on refracti ve market 28 2.3 Motivations for refractive surgery 30 2.4 Marketing perspectives: experiential marketing 30 2.5 Satisfaction in the healthcare sector 31 2.6 Organisational Culture 33 2.7 Leadership 34 2.8 Organisational capabilities 35 2.9 Current research and summary 36 Chapter Three: Methodology 37 3.1 Research Methodology and Design 37 3.2 Research Philosophy 38 3.3 Research Ethics 38 3.3.1 Human Rights Protection 39 3.4 Sample Size 39 3.4.1 Sample Recruitment 40 3.5 The setting 41 3.6 Data Collection 42 3.7 Instruments 42 3.7.1 Questionnaires 42 3.7.2 Semi Structured Interviews 43 3.8 Data Analysis Plan 44 3.9 Assumptions 45 3.10 Methodology Summary 45 Chapter Four: The Results 47 4.1 Sample 47 4.2 Survey Results 48 4.2.1 Results from the

Huffman Trucking Essay Example for Free

Huffman Trucking Essay Huffman Trucking is a large organization that provides transportation of goods and services to its customers. In order to better serve these customers and to compete and stay at a high level above other suppliers, Huffman Trucking management enlisted the assistance of Team B to upgrade their companies systems to be able to create, maintain, and report on a database, which tracks the servicing of Huffman Trucking vehicles. Huffman Trucking has a number of business needs that should be met. The system should not require more than a few days of supervision to learn. It should be usable on modestly priced computer systems. Most of all, it should be simple and convenient for the users. The current system is not meeting business objectives because they are not able to tracks the servicing of the vehicles at Huffman Trucking. Huffman employees usually scan alphabeticly for vehicles . This is a fairly simple procedure if the exact name of the vechilce is available. However, many new employes may only know the few words of the vechile type. A tracked vehicle could possibly be misfiled, which requires a full stock review to find it. With the new shipment of vechicles need maintanes every month, it is close to impossible for a counter employee memorize Project Requirements There are two different types of requirements for this project. One is the technical requirements of the chosen database system and another is the business requirements of the Huffman Trucking. The business requirements  define the boundaries. Starting college can be like entering an entirely new world. You have more freedom than youve ever had before and you are in total control over your own life. This increased responsibility however can make you susceptible to some serous pitfalls. Read the following article to learn what habits to avoid in order to have a successful college career. Business Accounting Project Overview Huffman Trucking is a large organization that provides transportation of goods and services to its customers. In order to better serve these customers and to compete and stay at a high level above other suppliers, Huffman Trucking management enlisted the assistance of Team B to upgrade their companies systems to be able to create, maintain, and report on a database, which tracks the servicing of Huffman Trucking vehicles. Huffman Trucking has a number of business needs that should be met. The system should not require more than a few days of supervision to learn. It should be usable on modestly priced computer systems. Most of all, it should be simple and convenient for the users. The current system is not meeting business objectives because they are not able to tracks the servicing of the vehicles at Huffman Trucking. Huffman employees usually scan alphabeticly for vehicles . This is a fairly simple procedure if the exact name of the vechilce is available. However, many new employes may only know the few words of the vechile type. A tracked vehicle could possibly be misfiled, which requires a full stock review to find it. With the new shipment of vechicles need maintanes every month, it is close to impossible for a counter employee memorize Project Requirements There are two different types of requirements for this project. One is the technical requirements of the chosen database system and another is the  business requirements of the Huffman Trucking. The business requirements define the boundaries in which the project team has room to operate in. Huffman requires that the new system be relatively inexpensive with little ongoing maintenance required. The new system should not require many hours of training in order to use. The new system should also be usable  gout of the box. h Given these business requirements.

Mehta Automobiles Essay Example for Free

Mehta Automobiles Essay In 1980, Mr. Sanat Mehta joined Standard Automobiles of Ahmedabad as a mechanic. In appreciation of his excellent work, he was soon promoted to the post of chief mechanic. Mr. Mehta’s professional ability, his pleasing manners and sense of responsibility endeared him to the customers of Standard Automobiles to such an extent that some of them persuaded him to commence his own automobile repair workshop. One of them persuaded him to commence his own automobile repair workshop. One customer, Mr. Nitin Shah offered to rent a part of his godown situated in a busy street of Ahmedabad city. Another customer, Mr. Mohan Kapoor, the local manager of a large bank mentioned that a loan of up to Rs. 100,000 could be made available to him under the scheme for financing small business. After some discussion with members of his family, Mr. Mehta decided to commence an automobile service and repairs workshop under the name of Mehta Automobiles. For this purpose, he invested Rs. 50,000 from his past savings and accepted Mr. Shah’s and Mr. Kapoor’s offers. A part of the amount was deposited in the bank in the name of Mehta Automobiles. The enterprise had a good start, thanks to the patronage of some old customers of Standard Automobiles. Mr. Mehta publicized his operations by displaying cinema slides in selected local cinemas and soon his workshop became well known in that area. In the beginning, Mr. Mehta did all the work of the mechanic, helped by two assistants recruited at the time of the commencement of the business. Soon he added a spare parts selling section to his business as this was quite a profitable associated activity. In this, he was helped by his son Mr. Rajendra Mehta who also assisted him in collection of cash from debtors. During his service at Standard Automobiles, Mr. Mehta had come to know very well some wholesalers of service materials, such as tools, stores and spare parts. This helped him in buying such material on credit. However, most of the other purchases particularly spare parts and practically all his sales were on cash basis. Because of the relatively small extent of credit transactions, Mr. Mehta had not thought of maintaining formal accounting records, as he had felt that increases in cash balance would adequately indicate the profit earned by him. All cash received was deposited in the bank account, and expenses and payments were recorded in a notebook. Mr. Mehta occasionally experienced some difficulty in recording transactions which did not result in direct sales. For instance, when his personal car was overhauled, involving considerable use of his mechanics’ time as well as spare parts costing about Rs. 15000 he was not sure how it should be recorded. He finally decided that since the garage was owned by him no adjustments need be made for this transaction. Rapid expansion of his business compelled Mr. Mehta to hire four new assistants and two mechanics. He also recruited a part-time salesman for spare parts selling. Mr. Mehta continued to attend personally to purchases, collections and other administrative aspects of business. A small section of the workshop premises was set apart for office purposes. The office was simply furnished with a table, three chairs, a filing cabinet and also a telephone. Spare parts, stores, tools etc. , and other supplies which were formerly stored in a small room at his residence, were now stored in steel racks in a section of the workshop. Mr. Mehta soon came across and advertisement that appeared in the local newspaper. A well-known automobile company of Bombay was looking for a good automobiles service shop owner, who would be willing take up the sole selling agency of their cars and spare parts in Gujarat. Mr. Mehta applied for this agency as he was advised by his friends in business circles that such an agency would be a profitable proposition. However, he was puzzled by two conditions which were imposed in awarding this agency. According to the first condition, the agent had to obtain a certificate from his bank to the effect that a minimum balance of Rs. 500,000 was maintained in the business account. Secondly, the agent was required to send to the principal, periodic statements showing the current financial position of the business and the business results in the immediate past period. Mr. Mehta was duly assigned the sole selling agency for the Gujarat on the basis of excellent reports received by the principal from local businessmen. For fulfilling the first condition, Mr. Mehta saw Mr. Kapoor, the Bank agent. After discussions with Mr. Mehta, the Bank agent agreed to grant Mr. Mehta a further loan of Rs. 500,000. He asked Mr. Mehta, to submit a statement showing the current position of his business so that he could process the loan application. Mr. Mehta mentioned that so far he had not maintained any regular accounts. The maintenance of such records required specialized knowledge which he did not possess and he felt hiring an accountant would increase his costs which he could not afford in his competitive business situation. Mr. Kapoor said that systematic accounting records would be a necessity, if Mr. Mehta wanted to expand his business and fulfill the operational requirements like bank borrowing, credit purchases as well as legal requirements to payment of tax. The same evening Mr. Mehta saw Mr. Ashok Lal, a friend who was the Chief Accountant of a local textile mill. He expressed to Mr. Lal his desire to start keeping systematic accounting records and requested him to prepare for him a statement showing the assets and liabilities of his business. He also supplied to Mr. Lal the necessary information to enable him to prepare the required statement. Mr. Lal also explained to Mr. Mehta how a â€Å"Profit and Loss Analysis† could be prepared so that Mr. Mehta could be more accurately measure the results of his business performance. He prepared a list of various statements that Mr. Mehta should arrange to obtain periodically from his subordinates for maintaining his accounting records. Questions for consideration 1. Mr. Mehta mentioned that. i) he could not have systematic accounting records because he did not possess specialized accounting skill; and ii) keeping such records would mean increase in costs, which he could not afford. How would you respond to these comments? 2. What information would Mr. Lal require for preparing the financial statement? 3. What items would you expect to find in the statements of financial position and profit and loss analysis relating to Mr. Mehta’s business? 4. What records would Mr. Mehta require to maintain for controlling his business activities?

Japanese Invasion of Malaysia

Japanese Invasion of Malaysia the reasons for the rapid Japanesse invasion of Malaya In 1942 INTRODUCTION After the victory and glory on many significant wars such as during Sino (1894-1895), Russo (1904-1905), Manchuria (1931) and China (1937), the Japanese was become the great power in the northern regional of Asia and also had steadily rose as a world power with much advancement in its military and related aspects[1]. Japan also had become the leader in the revolution of economic through the great empowerments in the development of industrial after the successful of Industrial Power Plan during the Meiji Dynasty era in 1867-1912. Japan also look their self as Leader from the East and bring his motto Asian for Asian of becoming part of a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere [2] In 1939, German attack Poland from the West and Soviet Union (USSR) attack Poland from the East. Because of that, the Britishs Prime Minister, Nevile Chemberlain had declared war against the Germany on 3 September 1939. Meanwhile, France also had allied with the Great Britain to corporate and work together against Germany. As the newly colonial territories were getting larger, the British army were incapable to either control or defend it from outside attack. In view of this golden opportunity, the Japanese had intendedto take control oversome regions in South East Asia such as Malaya and Singapore. The sanction of resources supply by the United States to Japan after the invasion of China in Sino Japan War in 1937, forced the Japanese to look for alternative suppliers to fulfill its requirements. REASON TO ATTACK RAPIDLY The reason for the rapid of Japanese Invasion to Malaya can be shown from before invasion and after invasion started. In 1939, Malaya was the resource of 40% of the worlds rubber and 60% of the worlds tin; that fact alone interested Japanese expansionists, but others additional reasons sealed the approval on the invasion planning that started in early 1941. Before the war, rubber and tin were exported to United Statesby its main producers mostly in Southeast Asia region. With the war sanction upon Japan by the United States and as the internal stocks were depleting, Japanese were forced to take drastic action to conquer the resources as soon as possible. Malaya was a part of the target. The Japanese needed oil badly as every drop of oil consumed by Japans military and industrial capacities had to be imported. For example, its Navy required 400 tons of oil/ hour to maintain its war readiness. While Malaya only had a limited amount of oil production, the peninsula was a perfect staging point to launch and support further invasion for the oil rich islands of Borneo, Java, and Sumatra. This will strongly support the military requirement its further objectives as well as from the previous war i.e. Sino Japan War. Japan was looking for alternative resources as in Jun 1941, Japan was refused supplies of iron and oil from United States, Britain, and Netherlands, therefore further reinforced Japanese thought that Southeast Asia must be taken. This reason make a main part of the Japanese invasion to Southeast Asian. The British France had allied and against the Germany, this was the positive advantages as the loop holes significant in Malaya as well as other regions in Southeast Asia. Percival had decided to surrender at 1400hrs, Sunday, 15 February 1942 since his troops had limited supplies which enough only for two days. In the other hand, Yamashitas troops also had depleted ammunitions which was enough for couple days. In this point, it was obvious that Percival did not have sharp intelligence mind, weak and insufficient logistic supports. The reason for rapid invasion is because actually Japanese only have a little support from logistic. Yamashita pursue Percival to surrender immediately because he knows, the longer operation can make him lost. Yamashita also use weather as the advantage. The Monsoon weather through December and January become a good concealment and the Japanese had taken advantages over erratic weather. THE REASON FOR THE RAPIDLY INVASION The Failure British Strategies When the invasion started on 8 Dec 1941 in Kota Baharu, Kelantan, Japanese move from one place to another with smoothly. So many factor are contribute for this rapidly invasion. The important factor for victory from Sun Tzu was If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles [3]. This factor failed used by British to understand where the treat come from and the underestimating their enemy. Britishs defense concentrated on Singapore as well as Main Fleet to Singapore strategies adopted to safeguard its territory. The Repulse and Prince of Wales stayed in Singapore. This strategic plan focus on Singapore, but Japanese attack from the North. Matador Plan Eight month before the invasion, British Military strategists in Singapore prepare the secret pelan called Matador. This plan for defending forces to cross Malayan Siamese border 24 hours before any suspected by Japanese landing South of Siam[4]. British realize that Japanese most likely landing at Singora and Patani because both towns have airfield. But the Japanese employed effective operations security, deceptive routing, and speed to protect the movement and intended destination of their naval convoys. The result was that the Japanese were able to rapidly secure those ports, push their ground forces ashore, and begin their attacks down the Malayan peninsula against the British army before Operation Matador could be ordered into execution. The predictions, as its happen, are accurate but Matador is hung led by British top brass and ultimately failed[5]. Japan Strategies The Japanese army had obeyed the Thai non-aggression pact and also set up special unit named Doro Nawa which acted as Intelligence and sourcing for relevant information before launching its attack. Besides that, all of the troops were well condition with the tropical weather and picked Hainan Island as training ground, they also well trained and wide experience in war. They had landed during night time or while heavy monsoon rain by surprise. While on the land, they were moving follow through road or rail line to south. As addition, the troops were tough and able to lived off the lands, no reliance on re-supply lines. Another example of arranging operations was the Japanese decision to press their attack on Singapore rather than just shelling it. They had successfully occupied the entire Malayan peninsula, moving a large distance in constant contact with the enemy in a relatively short period of time, and they could have taken the opportunity to rest their forces and simply shell Singapore into submission. Instead, they decided to directly attack Singapore. The Japanese felt that the psychological impact of the rapid capitulation of the so-called impregnable fortress of Singapore on both their enemy and their own people would be significant. They also wanted to take possession of the British naval base as soon as possible, and thus ensure safe passage of their ships through the Singapore straits. In addition, the troops involved in the Malaya-Singapore operation were sorely needed for the ongoing campaigns in the Philippines and the Netherlands East Indies [6]. The Japanese forces still had moment um, whereas the British and their allies had been in retreat and on the defensive for most of the campaign. Pressing the assault on Singapore thus exploited the Japanese strengths and the weaknesses of their enemies. Japanese Strengths The strength of this troops were consisted of 36,000 military, 28 Infantry Battalions, 80 Tanks, Aircraft for Army were 459 and then 158 for Naval usage, Its ships contain 6 Cruisers and 7 Destroyers and also 4 submarines. However, British troops were only used the outdated equipments with limited supplies of ammunition and fuel for its operation. Meanwhile, the strength of its army consisted of 125,000 military with 38 Infantry Battalions, aircraft with 158 air forces, ships facility were 2 Cruisers and 4 Destroyers and without tank at all. This situation make a lot of different. British army always told their soldier that Japanese is very poor weapon and machinery, but when the invasion started most of the soldier especially British Indians Army, are run away because shocked looking for the tanks and aircraft. Well Training The Japanese make a good decision to train their soldier at Hainan Island. The similarity of weather and terrain make advantage for the rapid invasion in Malaya. The first exercise took place in March of 1941, and involved large-scale navy and army maneuvers. Simulating an attack on Singapore following an amphibious landing in Malaya, the 5th Division (Army), escorted by Combined Fleet elements and with cover from army air units, crossed the East China Sea while under simulated attack from air and naval units, made a landing on Kyushu, and simulated the capture of coastal defenses. That very successful exercise focused on development of antisubmarine and antiaircraft defense of convoys, the tactical challenges of amphibious landings, and rapid construction of airstrips in newly occupied areas. The commander of the exercise later became Yamashitas chief of staff in Malaya [7]. Japanese War Tactical Plans In order to invade the Malaya effectively and rapidly, the Japanese adopted various war tactical plans in the aspect of maritime, air as well as land which had proven successful with flying colors. In the Maritime Tactical Plan, they had made sudden amphibious assault at night by using local sampans and succeeded in the sinking of two Britishs major ships namely HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse. In other hand, Japanese Air Tactical Plan included having air superiority with greater number and modern aircraft which operated from south Thailand. They also had built secured aerodrome in the north Malaya which provided support for ground troops. Beside that, they also had provided air support from sea and would destroy British aircraft on the ground Land Tactical Plan covered the utilization of light tanks and 18,000ish bicycles which made them manoeuvre rapidly in jungle and jungle terrain faster with flanking tactics. As addition, the deployment of well trained 25th Army which had wide experiences in battle in China also advantages for Japan [8]. ANALYSIS Based on the discussion, we can differentiate the strategies, approaches as well as implementation by both parties either the Japanese or the British in this Malaya Singapore Campaign. This analysis can compare the reason for rapid Japanese invasion in Malaya. The Japanese The factor as per below : Innovative Tactic The troops had embraced innovative Flanking Tactics and utilization of traditional sampan as a medium of local maritime. Japanese air superiority They had advancements in term of modern aircraft which provided air support to ground troops and eventually succeeded in the sinking of British warships. Surprise They had planned their attack well by putting surprises elements such as good concealing intentions, attacked at night as well as unpredicted utilization of light tanks in their movements. Deception They were good in camouflage as local people since they were quite resemble the Chinese while advancing. Beside that, they had done diversionary attack on NE coast of Singapore Filtration The soldiers were penetrated into British line by using the jungle and had launched their operation in the small units. Continuity They were capable in fully exploiting their advancing momentum to the optimum and as a result they had successfully attacked on Singapore in within a week preparations. Rapid Manoeuvre They were able to move faster by using bicycles and each soldier also carry minimal payload beside no dependency on conventional supply delivery. British The factor as per below : Poor appreciation They were having lack of preparations for this war such as made an assumption that Malaya was not accessible by tanks beside no tanks to stop land advance. Plan Matador averted The late decision by London to launch Matador make a first mistake and effect badly for British. Lack of air support Their aircrafts were heavily attacked by the Japanese and as a result all of them had destroyed on the ground. Besides, these small number aircraft were older, outdated and deteriorating. Fleet to Singapore strategy collapsed This strategy was aborted with the sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse Lacks of jungle training Although the strength of British army were outnumbered the Japanese soldiers, they were incompetent to have a battle in the tropical jungle compared to Japanese army which had intensive training in the tropical Hainan Jungle. Lack of resources Most of military or war equipments such as aircrafts belongs to British troops were outdated and insufficient. The worst part, important war machine such as tank was not provided. CONCLUSION The Japanese success during the Malaya campaign, like any success, can be attributed to a number of factors. It could be argued that political decisions on the part of the British with respect to theater priorities and force allocations prevented the British in Malaya from being better supported by their air and naval forces. It could be argued that there were issues of leadership and unity of command, issues of training and morale, and that elements of luck played a part. Certainly these were all factors, as no doubt were others. But it doesnt change the fact that the Japanese conducted a joint warfighting campaign as it would be defined in todays terms, and it was that aspect of their operations that was crucial to their success in Malaya, irrespective of other factors. Japanese victory on its instant invasion over Malaya and Singapore were significant and historical moments for Japan because it was shown to the world that Japanese army was superior compared to the British forces. Beside that it was important to note that the Japan succession was heavily rely on well planned mission by its brilliant commander, General Yamashita as well as his experienced troops. They had prepared accordingly in term of modern military and war equipments, effective and excellent tactics, strategy and coordination. The Japanese propaganda also important because it was accepted by people to release them from British. Meanwhile, from the wide perspectives, the British had badly defeated mainly due to unprepared nest of British army as well as the Malaya itself to fight in the battle. They were being complacency with the assumption that no other country could overpower their colonial territories in Malaya. They also concentrated to the updates on the newly declared war between their country and the Germany. Although their troops were outnumbered the Japanese, most of them were soldiers who have no battle experience in the jungle. The sufficient, appropriate military and war equipment such as the absence of tank and enough ammunition, naval and air defense for these young soldiers also had contributed to the loss. Japanese Invasion of Malaya December 8, 1941 January 31, 1942 [1] Malcolm Kennedy, A Short Story of Japan, Mentors Book, USA, 1963, p188. [2] Howard J Langer, The World War II The Ranking of the Most Influential Figures of the Second World War, Published by Bounty Books 2006, p 193. [3] Tzu, Sun. The Art of War. Edited by James Clavell. New York: Delacorte Press, 1983 p 8. [4] Ong Chit Chung, Operation Matador, Eastern Universities Press 2003, p 233. [5] The Fall of Malaya, Media Master Guides To Pacific War Battlefields (1941-1945) [6] Falk, Stanley L., Seventy Days to Singapore. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons,1975, p 44. [7] Falk, Stanley L., Seventy Days to Singapore. New York: G.P. Putnams Sons,1975, p 25 [8] Edward L Dreyer, China at War 1901-1949, Published by Longman, London 1995, p 206.

History of the Traditional School Calendar Essay -- essays papers

History of the Traditional School Calendar The American educational system is based on the traditional, nine-month school calendar, which has been in place for over a century. Originally, the United States was an agrarian society. The majority of Americans lived on farms. People made most of the items that they needed, and with little trade necessary, there was no need for schooling (McLain, 1973). However, as people branched out into neighboring areas, they needed to learn new skills, such as basic arithmetic to price items, measure land, and more (McLain, 1973). As a result, it became the responsibility of those who were less needed on the farm or in the factory to acquire knowledge for the family (McLain, 1973). Accordingly, children went to school to learn the skills they needed for life. In rural areas, the school year lasted for five to six months, â€Å"from the last harvest to the first planting† (Shields, 2000, 24). However, in the urban environment, schools were open eleven or twelve months of the year (Shields, 2000). This is because urban schools provided a way to get children off the labor market, as well as enable them to learn the new technology of the time (McLain, 1973). Then, in 1847, in order to offer a standard curriculum, â€Å"urban schools reduced the length of their school year and rural areas increased the number of their school days (Shields, 2000, 25). The result was the traditional, agrarian school calendar of nine months in school, with a three month vacation. Year Round Education Introduced Today however, the role of the modern public school is beginning to change. The United States is no longer an agrarian society. As a result, people feel that the traditional school calendar is too old-fashioned a... ..., from Lexus Nexus. Saunders, M. (2004, September 7). Try year-round school: The lazy days of summer may hurt children who struggle in school the rest of the time. Atlanta Journal-Constitution, pp. 14A, Retrieved November 6, 2004, from Lexus-Nexus. Wildavsky, B. (1999, August 20). Scholars of summer. U.S. News and World Report, 127(5), 52-54. Bussard, B. (2004, July). Summer matters. Retrieved November 2, 2004, from http://www.summermatters.com/ Texas Center for Educational Technology. (1994). Technology helping year-round to rebuild the education puzzle at Driscoll ISD. Retrieved November 6, 2004, from www.tcet.unt.edu/images/i0601.pdf Walker, W. (2003, December). Year round education. Retrieved November 6, 2004, from http://www.geocities.com/weswalker99/index.html YRE Statistics. (2003). Retrieved November 4, 2004, from http://nayre.org/statistics.

Atlantis Myth vs Today’s Science :: History

Atlantis Myth vs Today’s Science Now that we know the foundation of the Atlantis myth we can now speculate if this is even possible with today’s science and geography. Atlantis was said to be bigger than Asia Minor and Libya combined. This statement made by Plato in the Critias is most likely not true because Atlantis would have to be in the Mediterranean Sea or within a few miles of the Mediterranean Sea such as the Atlantic Ocean or Indian Ocean. The other thought could be that the size was gravely misjudged through the ages and maybe when it got to Plato the myth had outgrown the size of the city. A more logical explanation could be that Atlantis was smaller than once though and was present at the western part of the Mediterranean, between the coasts of West Africa and East South America or somewhere by the horn of Africa. Many are skeptic as to whether Atlantis existed solely because of the size but many researchers believe that the books Timeus and Critias are too detailed to be made up by Plato. Unfortunately the books of Plato’s thoughts and descriptions get cut off at the end of the second book hence ending the story of Atlantis quite abruptly. Some think that either the end of the story was lost during a burning of an attack on one of the Greek cities or that Plato’s patron for the project, Dionysius I, was going to publish the books as prose and poem and try to become famous. Unfortunately Dionysius died unexpectedly and Plato did not finish the story. Ever since the idea of Atlantis being a city explorers and scientists have looked for Atlantis. One idea is that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge was caused by the sinking of Atlantis. But this is disproved because if Atlantis did sink in the Atlantic Ocean then it would not have created a ridge or ridge like area. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is caused by Divergent tectonic plates in the ocean which creates the ridge. The sinking of Atlantis could not have done this. Not only is this impossible but the descriptions given by Plato would also be off. The Mid-Atlantic ridge is a mountain like area going from north to south for a few thousands of miles; Plato described Atlantis a circular island that was maybe one hundred miles in diameter. Therefore this theory does not work.

Dead Poets Society - The Message of the Dead Poets Essay -- Movie Film

Dead Poets Society - The Message of the Dead Poets    Teachers are wonderful heroes. In the movie, Dead Poets Society the teacher/hero is John Keating, played magnificently by Robin Williams. The film takes place at a small preparatory boys' school (Welton Academy) in the late 1950's. The story follows the lives of a group of students and the way that Mr. Keating's teachings influence them. He encourages the boys to become freethinkers and to live life for the moment. The message hallowed by Keating is one of mortality--do not waste your life, for you will get no other, and when you are "food for worms" will the world have been a better place because you were in it? This message is prevalent throughout the film. Keating brings to the abnormally strict classroom something that the timid boys have never seen, enthusiasm. On the first day of class, he tells his students to rip the boring and scientific-type preface from their books. The act in itself is one of defiance and is but one action that draws the boys to Keating. The friendly good nature of Keating leads ...

Impact of Library on Students Achievement

â€Å"THE IMPACT OF LIBRARIES ON STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT† Presented to the Faculty of the Department of management sciences IQRA University Gulshan Campus In the fulfillment of the course â€Å"Writing Research Report† BBA Morning Program Submitted to: Dr. Imran Khan By: Faiza Salam (6067) Spring (2013) Table of Contents: Abstract 1. 0 Introduction: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 1 Background to the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 2 Statement of problem: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 3 Objective of the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 4 Research Questions: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. Significance of the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 6 Limitations and delimitation of the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 7 Review of related literature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 8 Research Methodology: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 9 Sampling Technique: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 10 Research Instruments: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 11 Instrument’s Reliability: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 12 Ethical consideration: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 13 Research Procedure: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 14 Data Analysis and Statistical Tools: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 5 Findings: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 16 Discussion: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 17 Recommendations based on findings: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 1. 18 Recommendations for future findings: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 19 Conclusion: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References Appendices The Impact of Library on Student’s Achievement Abstract Keywords: library, study, information, facilities, computers, achievement, students 1. 0 Introduction: This research is about â€Å"The impact of library on student’s achievement†.Today libraries are essential for the school, colleges, and universities because it has more impact on the student’s achievement. Now students are showing more willingness to collecting more information which is helpful or useful for the students in their achievement. In this way or providing more libraries in the institutions is also enhancing the students and teachers. By, getting more valid info rmation related to a subject which helps the students to be more confident about their works. In this public can spend more time in getting knowledge.In library, there are sufficient books, magazines, CD’s which are very supportive in collecting information and computers in library are very essential part of library because of as per need and requirement of the students. 1. 1 Background to the study: It has been said that books are the friends of a person. They provide to the reader with in insight knowledge and polishes his being. This research study is providing an overview or evidence that how libraries support student’s learning and findings based on the quantitative students survey responses. Historically, public libraries have a strong tradition in Anglo-American societies.Libraries were first introduced in North American societies. And now libraries are the essential part of any society or any institute. Todd and kuhlthau describe that the study on the impact of library on student’s achievement is the duplication of the United States study in 2003, students through Ohio school libraries, and this research is conducted by the center for international scholarship in school libraries at Rutgers, The state university of New Jersey (as cited in Lyn Hay, 2004). In recent years a great deal of activity in libraries has been dedicated to design, implementation and improvement of the library.Many of the library providing to the student’s online access catalogs (OPAC’s). It is also providing access to the internet journals holding and enable outside user to decide that which journals are hold by the library and what are the search engines (Moore, 2000). Furthermore, â€Å"any library program in which if there is sufficient staff, enough resources and adequately equipped so, in this way students can easily access to the achievement in spite of socioeconomic and education levels of community† (school libraries work! 2004, p . 6). Library history was an accepted discipline at library in every developed country. Now days with the enhancement of the information technology public can easily access to whatever they want related to their subject. People were rarely attending the library, some time facilitators or professors became the mean of information regardless of the library. Many of the authors has already been done in researching the history of the library but there is abundance of scope for more (Harrison, why library history? )In additional, in this era library is the essential part of any institution because people are used to searching in a peaceful environment and where is the enough verities of books, magazines, articles and a lot of general knowledge. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem: Most likely, students are interested in the positive learning environment that supports students learning. Libraries are playing most important role in the achievement of the student. Gradually, student success is in the achieving a good grades and library many time help a student for borrowing a books and related items.The positive and peaceful environment of the library attracts the learner’s attention towards achievement. We need to know that how library is playing a good role in student’s performance and success. 1. 3 Objective of the Study: The objective of my research project is to find out the impact of library on the student’s achievement and how students are getting the library as a useful and helpful for them in achieving their targeted goal or to know the student’s interest and extra reading habit. Through this study we can determine the factor which helps good reader and poor reader. 1. 4 Research Questions: i) In the perception of students what role libraries plays in academic and social life? (ii) How the libraries are helpful in acquiring command over knowledge and implementing in practical life? 1. 5 Significance of the Study: The significance of the study is to examine the importance of library in institutions for the students in their success. This study determine the student’s perception about the libraries importance and it is also help to understand that in recent years library has become very necessary for students in aspect of providing facilities, valid information and sufficient knowledge related to any subject.As more time is spent in using internet and social gathering students have no more extra reading habits. 1. 6 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study: This study is limited to the students of universities in Karachi. The limited respondents of the research are about 45 almost. This study is restricted to complete in a given time period. This is an academic research only. 1. 7 Related to Literature Review: The review is taking on the behalf of previous research of Australian school library Association. It was conducted in time period of four weeks November and December 2004.This study was about the relat ionship between libraries and student’s achievement. Williams and Wavell stated that some understanding is necessary to express the value of school library, this review also demonstrate the true findings and implications (Chan, 2008). In the previous researches this study shows the positive relationship between school libraries and student’s academic achievement. It is the fact that so many studies, in surroundings thousands of schools and universities are providing a persuasive evidence for the value of libraries (Cahn, 2008).In the united sates the Australian librarian becomes a â€Å"library media specialist† and in England and Scotland, the traditionally role of librarian does not include. Reynolds and Carroll (2001) stated that a librarian is a specialist in a special class room, who needs to be very experienced and expert and must have specialist teacher librarianship training. The term specialist, library teacher or library professional is used to avoid t he confusion or determine the staff of the library (as cited in Lonsdale, 2003).According to the Lance (2001a), Lance notice that Alaska is the first study that verifies the importance of the library teacher as a teacher of information, literacy and their impact on the student’s achievement (as cited in Lonsdale, 2003). This study is so far conducted to show the benefits of the school libraries where the students have positive and involved environment for increasing the reading habits and getting the most possible benefits closest to their achievement by comparing the results of those schools where libraries are non-existence.Since 2000, ten major studies (in Alaska, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Texas, Oregon, Massachusetts, Scotland, Michigan, Iowa and New Mexico) have observed the positive impact of libraries on student’s achievement. Particularly, the huge part of the research has been taken in the united sates (Lonsdale, 2003). The authors of Colorado study applied thei r methodology across different states of USA. In a study performed in Alaska, it was found that librarians are the information empowered†, because librarians are playing three roles they are teachers, information specialist and administrators who motivated or empowers the students and others teachers to gather the more and more information and meet academic achievement (Lance, Hamilton-Pennell & Rodney, 1999). Furthermore, libraries are playing most important role in providing the broad range of reading resources and for those students who cannot afford to buy new reading materials day by day and for those parents who cannot provide their children such range of reading materials.Libraries are without any paying or free of cost facilitating those who have strong reading habits. If literacy is not placed in the perfect structure and if newly obtained literacy skills will not frequently used and improved, so there are more chances that literacy skills can b convert in illiteracy in this way the huge participation in educational institutes will be wasted.Singh (2003) points out the importance of the library in the literacy level and achievement of students â€Å"most of the libraries are not providing support to the neo literate, unless they are provided the effective support to provide to the readers an effective reading materials otherwise they may again fall in the category of illiterates. Library is playing a vital role in providing learning and reading materials† (Singh, 2003) Obviously, it is much better to have a single set of books in a classroom rather than to have nothing.In order to improve or to enhance the reading habit among students, for this they must have to provide a wide range of attractive reading materials. These needs should b changed time to time to keep the interest of the students. Alternatives models should b designed to enhance the library based resources. Library models that provide verities of books are very popular among the students. According to Krolak, libraries are the perfect place that provides to students an effective and attractive environment. They have easy access to the run their needs related to reading habits.A successful library has number of books, newspaper, audio and videos, magazines etc. Mostly libraries are centrally located and easily accessible by the students and general public. Libraries are the place which provides very friendly and peaceful environment, with services oriented and all the time available with qualified staff. Some students have bad memories of schools and have negative attitude towards study. They are encouraged to come libraries and enjoy the non-reading activities to watch videos and to join the discussion groups, it would be the first step to back to the study (Krolak, 2005).Moreover, Lance et al. (1999) using three analytical techniques i. e. cross tabulation, comparison of means, correlation. Library media program are characterized as a predictor of acad emic achievement. It is also examined that might be indirect effect on academic achievement. After evaluating the direct and indirect effects of librarians on student’s academic achievement. Perhaps, the important factor that affects the impact of libraries on student’s achievement is correlation of the libraries and librarian that is explosion of the information. Particularly, this relationship is based on digital resources.If there would be a quality of digital or media resources students or general public can be more interested in study, or this much information would be available on internet in this way the role of library even become more important than in the past (Lonsdale, 2003) Henri (1999) described the term â€Å"information literature school communities† as an admittedly unclear collection of the factors, attributes, goals are necessary in an environment in which focus is on the learning and that unclearness is due to the complexity of school communi ties and developing the nature of literacy information.As a result, it is most likely that literacy information cannot be concise because it is more like a large version. This has implication on the development programs (as cited in Moore). In addition, libraries are being most important in terms of supporting literacy and they may also play a role in the development of the society. It is stated that: The freedom to read is essential in our country’s democracy. But it is continuously under pressure and for this private sectors and public authorities are doing many efforts to removing the barriers in the reading society or to remove the limit access to reading materials.To increase or edit the contents in schools to label the controversial views, to make the list of the most important books and authors and to clean the libraries. Then, some actions apparently rise from a view that these efforts are not valid; that the editing and containment are needed to counter the threats t o safely or national security, to remove the rebellion of the politics and corruption of ethics. We as individual need to stand up for this and as librarian and publishers it is the responsibility that they need to come up with the new and disseminating ideas.And they wish to declare the public interest in preserving the freedom to read. (Alabama’s school library media handbook for the 21st century learner, section 1, p. 3) Moreover, libraries are more essential 1. 8 Research Methodology: There are two kinds of methodology, one is quantitative and other is qualitative. Quantitative or qualitative research selection determines the method is to be applied to analyze data (Dawson, 2002). in this study, â€Å"quantitative methodology† will be use because it will collect, analyze and interpret data by recording statistical data.This study will conducted in over Karachi through the questionnaire survey and the aim is to make specific from generalization based on study of few variables those will b examined through closed-ended questionnaire. Those outcomes will be explored, analyzed and discovered after identification of the factors from researches. 1. 9 Sampling Technique: Sampling is an important element to consider with respect of time saving with tight deadlines to meet. As there are few people involved in this study so the data can be organized in so suitable and manageable way.Results will be available quickly as sample is relatively small. Selection of sample involves deciding which technique is appropriate in order to select more good. Mainly, there are two basic sampling techniques which are sampling technique and non-probability technique. In probability sampling technique each member of population has equal chance of selection. On the other hand, non-probability defines that the selection is unknown. In this study, non-probability technique is using and under non-probability technique convenience sampling is considered and 50 respondents par ticipated in the survey. . 10 Research Instrument: Data collection through questionnaire has advantages to some extent over other methods. As this study is based on quantitative methodology so the instrument will must n questionnaire. Questionnaire can construct in three types i. e. open-ended, closed-ended and mixture of both (Dawson, 2002). Questionnaire is consisting on set of statements against respondents were asked to mark only one option. 1. 11 Instrument’s Reliability: 1. 12 Ethical Consideration: In any research, most importance and consideration is given to ethics.In formation of questionnaire, care was taken to ensure that question that asked were simple and straightforward. As far as possible, ambiguity of question asked were avoided. Questions that required more clarity were so modified to provide simple and precise meaning. The respondents should be must participate voluntary and all the respondents have right to withdraw from study anytime and no researcher is allowed to force their respondent to participate. Impact of Library on Students Achievement Dear Respondent,I am conducting a research on â€Å"The Impact of Library on Student’s Achievement†. It will be a great support for me if you could spend fifteen minutes in filling out this questionnaire, which is based on 15 questions. Please help by kindly respond to this questionnaire as accurately as possible. The information gathered will be used for academic research only. Thank you for your time to complete the questionnaire. Your participation will be kept confidential. A: Demographic Profile: (please tick v one that apply to you) 1. What is your age? . Under 20 b. 20-23 c. 24-27 d. 28-31 e. 32-35 f. Over 36 2. What is your gender? a. Male b. Female 3. What is your profession? a. Student b. Professional/Business c. Unemployed d. Others 4. Which part of country do you live? a. Urban b. Rural B: please rate the importance of the following consideration 5 points Likert scal e. Where: 1= strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=agree; 4=strongly agree Sr. No| Items| Strongly Disagree| Disagree| Agree| Strongly Agree| 1| The library has helped me to learn more fact about my topic. | | | | 2| The library has helped me workout the main ideas I found in library. | | | | | 3| The information I have found in library has helped me become more interested in my topic. | | | | | 4| The information in the library has helped me decide what I need to do new with my topic. | | | | | 5| The library has helped me to know how to use different kind of source like magazines computer CD’s. | | | | | 6| The library has helped me to talk more in the class discussion. | | | | | 7| The library has helped me to think harder about my project assignment. | | | | 8| Things I have learnt in library have helped me study at home. | | | | | 9| The library has helped me when I do not understand something. | | | | | 10| The library has helped me when I have personal concern and issues. | | | | | 11| The library has helped me to get better grades in quizzes and exams. | | | | | 12| The library has helped me feel more confident about my topic. | | | | | 13| The library has helped me feel more confident for asking assistance. | | | | | 14| The library has helped me more interested in computers. | | | | 15| The library has helped me get more organized with my ideas. | | | | | Adapted from: Hay, L. (2004). Impact of library on student’s achievement. Synergy 3(4). Thank you for your time and co-operation References: Alabama’s school library media handbook for the 21st century learner, Accessed at: http://alex. state. al. us/librarymedia/Library%20Media%20Handbook. pdf Chan, 2008, the impact of school library services on student’s achievement and the implications for advocacy: A review of the literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, [email  protected] du. hk , Accessed at: